<p>The Batu Islands are an archipelago of Indonesia located in the Indian Ocean off the west coast of Sumatra, between Nias and Siberut. The three primary islands, of approximately equal size, are Pini, Tanahmasa, and Tanahbala. There are forty-eight smaller islands, of which the largest are Sipika, Simuk, Bodjo, Telo and Sigata; less than half are inhabited. The islands are governed as a part of South Nias regency within North Sumatra province. In Indonesian and Malay, batu means rock or stone.</p><br>
<p>The people of the Batu Islands have had substantial interaction with the populations of Nias, to the north, whose language they share. The islands have occasionally been a destination for slaves who escaped from Nias, and in the past decade have become a destination for surfing boat charters from Padang, on the Sumatran mainland. The population at the 2010 Census was 18,848.</p><br>
<p>The equator passes through the archipelago, north of Tanahmasa and south of Pini. Administratively, Pini (with offshore islets) forms the Pulau-pulau Batu Timur (East Batu Islands) District of South Nias Regency; the rest of the archipelago forms the Pulau-pulau Batu (Batu Islands) District of the same regency. The islands were visited by Simon Reeve during Equator, a 2006 BBC TV Series.</p><br>
<p>Kalamariá  is a municipality  of the Thessaloniki Urban Area, located about 7 km southeast of downtown Thessaloniki. It is the second largest municipality  of the Thessaloniki Urban Area as well as one of the largest in Greece, with a population increase of 13% since the 1991 census.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The area was first settled by humans in prehistoric times, and remains from that settlement have been found around the Karabournaki cape.</p><br>
<p>The name Kalamaria was first used in 1083 to denote the area southeast of Thessaloniki, including but not limited to the area of the present-day municipality. During the Byzantine and the Ottoman periods, the area was mostly uninhabited, except for a few fishing lodges.</p><br>
<p>The first settlement was created in the early 1920s to house refugees from the Greek diaspora in Georgia and Asia Minor, who fled or were forcibly sent to Greece as a result of the Greco-Turkish War. As many as 100,000 refugees relocated to Thessaloniki, primarily to the citys suburbs. Refugees of Pontic descent mainly relocated in Kalamaria, and the municipalitys population is predominantly of Pontic descent to this day.</p><br>
<p>Kalamaria has seen substantial recent growth as part of a population shift from rural and urban areas to suburban areas, particularly to those east of Thessaloniki. Between the 1981 and 2001 censuses, the population of Kalamaria grew by about 36,000 (or 69%). Up until 1943 Kalamaria was part of the Municipality of Thessaloniki. On 1 January 1943 it became an independent administrative unit.</p><br>
<p>Kalamaria had a population of 14,000 residents as recorded by an inventory in 1947, but this has considerably increased, as shown by the Greek census of 2001 where Kalamaria had a total of 87,255 residents. Kalamaria has the second highest population in the Council of the Town Planning Group of Thessaloniki but also of Northern Greece and ninth in all of Greece.</p><br>
<p>Though it was originally separated from the main City of Thessaloniki, the municipality has grown so much in the post-war period that the older physical boundaries are virtually non-existent. Nowadays, the border between the two municipalities exists purely for administrative purposes.</p><br>
<p>The total area of the Municipality of Kalamaria covers 6.401 km&sup2;. About two thirds of the perimeter are 6.5 km of coastline.</p><br>
<p>The municipality is separated into 10 geographical districts, which have been given names reminiscent of the refugees&#39; former homelands.</p><br>
<p>Nea Krini (Νέα Κρήνη)</p><br>
<p>Nea Trapezounta (Νέα Τραπεζούντα, "New Trapezounta")</p><br>
<p>Karabournaki (Καραμπουρνάκι)</p><br>
<p>Kouri (Κουρί)</p><br>
<p>Katirli (Κατιρλί)</p><br>
<p>Aretsou (Αρετσού)</p><br>
<p>Agios Ioannis (Άγιος Ιωάννης)</p><br>
<p>Vyzantio (Βυζάντιο)</p><br>
<p>Ag. Pantelimonas (Άγιος Παντελεήμωνας)</p><br>
<p>Navarchos Votsis (Ναύαρχος Βότσης, "Admiral Votsis")</p><br>
<p>Finikas (Fenekas in local language) (Φοίνικας)</p><br>
<h2>Historical population</h2><br>
<h2>Sporting teams</h2><br>
<p>Kalamaria has 14 sporting teams including the famous Apollon Kalamarias.</p><br>
<h2>International relations</h2><br>
<h3>Twin towns — Sister cities</h3><br>
<p>Kalamaria is twinned with:</p><br>
<p>Saranda, Albania</p><br>
<p>Dimitrovgrad, Bulgaria</p><br>
<p>Paphos, Cyprus</p><br>
<p>Clearwater, Florida, United States</p><br>
<p>Liptovský Mikuláš, Slovakia</p><br>
<p>In addition to this, Kalamaria is partnered with:</p><br>
<p>Solna</p><br>
<h2>Transportation</h2><br>
<p>The main roads that feed into the municipality are those of Konstantinos Karamanlis Avenue (formerly Nea Egnatia) to the east (which links with the A25 (the Thessaloniki-Chalkidiki motorway)), Taki Ekonomidi Avenue (which links the popular district of Nea Krini with Thessaloniki&#39;s city center), Megalou Alexandrou Avenue - the biggest avenue in Thessaloniki and the EO16 which provides the main access from Kalamaria to the airport and the outer south-eastern suburbs of Thessaloniki. Other main road links exist with Thermi, while the southeast end of the Thessaloniki ring road (which bypasses the Thessaloniki Urban Area) lies to the southeast of Kalamaria.</p><br>
<p>The first Mobility Centre in Greece started functioning in Kalamaria (June 2008).</p><br>
<h2>Notable residents</h2><br>
<p>The notable music composer, Stavros Koujioumtzis (1932–2005), was a resident of Kalamaria during the last years of his life. He was buried at Kalamaria&#39;s municipal cemetery.</p><br>
<p>One of the most famous natives of Kalamaria is the popular actor and comedian Harry Klynn (originally Vassilis Triantafylides) (born 1940). Klynn was candidate for Mayor of Kalamaria at the local elections of 2006.</p><br>
<p>The Narrow Neck Plateau, an eroded remnant of a sandstone layer situated at an elevation of 1,000 m above sea level that is part of the Blue Mountains Range which is a spur line off the Great Dividing Range, is situated immediately south-west of in New South Wales, Australia, located within the Blue Mountains National Park. The neck separates the Jamison Valley  from the Megalong Valley .</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>From Cliff Drive, Katoomba, the Narrow Neck is accessed via a dirt road called Glenraphael Drive suitable for most two-wheel drive vehicles, subject to good weather conditions, as far as a locked gate. It is a popular walking, bike riding and climbing location and offers several walking descent routes to the adjacent valleys. Beyond the gate is walking/bicycle access only for the general public. One of the most popular walks is the Golden Stairs, a rough descent of approximately 200 m to join the Federal Pass. This opens up the Jamison Valley for popular day walks to sites such as Mount Solitary and the Ruined Castle. The neck juts southwards from Katoomba for a distance of some 10 km and ends at Clear Hill, overlooking the Wild Dog Mountains. Castle Head promontory points towards the Ruined Castle, a small rock formation between Castle Head and Mount Solitary. Arguably one of the best views on the eastern seaboard of NSW is from Narrow Neck Fire Tower. On a day of high visibility it is possible to see from in the south to in the north and a number of peak landforms in between. It also has excellent views back towards the escarpment at Katoomba.</p><br>
<h2>Missing person</h2><br>
<p>A nineteen-year-old British backpacker Jamie Neale was found after twelve days lost in the Blue Mountains. Two bushwalkers alerted emergency services who were conducting an extensive search using the Police Rescue Squad, police dogs, State Emergency Service and Rural Fire Service.</p><br>
<h2>Fauna</h2><br>
<p>Upland swamps on Narrow Neck Plateau have been identified as potential habitats for the rare Blue Mountain Water Skink.</p><br>
<h2>Points of Interest</h2><br>
<p>Cahill&#39;s Lookout -33.721130&deg; latitude, 150.285934&deg; longitude</p><br>
<p>Carlons Head</p><br>
<p>Locked Gate -33.740755&deg; latitude, 150.280110&deg; longitude</p><br>
<p>Malaita Point -33.734543&deg; latitude, 150.298510&deg; longitude</p><br>
<p>Golden Staircase -33.73526&deg; latitude, 150.28259&deg; longitude</p><br>
<p>Castle Head -33.75585&deg; latitude, 150.287223&deg; longitude</p><br>
<p>Fire Tower -33.787783&deg; latitude, 150.260528&deg; longitude</p><br>
<p>Ruined Castle -33.76338&deg; latitude, 150.29397&deg; longitude</p><br>
<p>Clear Hill -33.811090&deg; latitude, 150.265273&deg; longitude</p><br>
<p>Tarro&#39;s Ladders</p><br>
<p>Mont Pelvoux  is a mountain in the Massif des Écrins in the French Alps.</p><br>
<p>For many years Mont Pelvoux was believed to be the highest mountain in the region since the higher Barre des Écrins cannot be seen from the Durance valley.</p><br>
<p>The highest point on the mountain is Pointe Puiseux. There are three subpeaks:</p><br>
<p>Pointe Durand (3,932 m)</p><br>
<p>Petit Pelvoux (3,753 m)</p><br>
<p>Trois Dents du Pelvoux (3,682 m)</p><br>
<h2>Ascents</h2><br>
<p>The first ascent of Mont Pelvoux was by Captain Durand and the two chamois hunters Alexis Liotard and Jacques-Etienne Matheoud on July 30, 1828. This party returned, with more people, to the summit in 1830. Both times they climbed the "Pointe Durand".</p><br>
<p>The highest point is named after the astronomer Victor Puiseux, who reached it first with his guide Pierre Antoine Barnéoud on August 9, 1848. Barnéoud had been the third guide in the 1830 re-ascent.</p><br>
<p>The Blackwater Estuary is the estuary of the River Blackwater between Maldon and West Mersea in Essex. It is a 5,538 hectare biological Site of Special Scientific Interest . An area of 4,395 hectares is also designated a Ramsar Wetland of International Importance, and a Special Protection Area 1,099 hectares is a National Nature Reserve. Tollesbury Wick and part of Abbotts Hall Farm, both nature reserve managed by the Essex Wildlife Trust, are in the SSSI.</p><br>
<p>Oysters have been harvested from the estuary for more than a thousand years and there are remains of fish weirs from the Anglo-Saxon era. At the head of the estuary is the town of Maldon, which is a centre of salt production. The other major settlement is the town West Mersea, of Mersea Island, on the northern seaward side. Numerous other villages are on its banks.</p><br>
<p>Within the estuary is Northey Island which was the location for the first experiments in the UK in managed retreat, i.e. creating saltmarsh by setting sea walls back from what are perceived to be unsustainable positions. The area is notable as a breeding area for little tern (Sternula albifrons) and as a transit point for ringed plover (Charadrius hiaticula).</p><br>
<p>Pied avocet (Recurvirostra avosetta)</p><br>
<p>Black-tailed godwit (Limosa limosa islandica)</p><br>
<p>Dark-bellied brent goose (Branta bernicla bernicla)</p><br>
<p>Dunlin (Calidris alpina alpina)</p><br>
<p>Eurasian golden plover (Pluvialis apricaria)</p><br>
<p>Grey plover (Pluvialis squatarola)</p><br>
<p>Hen harrier (Circus cyaneus)</p><br>
<p>Common redshank (Tringa totanus)</p><br>
<p>Ringed plover (Charadrius hiaticula)</p><br>
<p>Ruff (Philomachus pugnax)</p><br>
<p>Common shelduck (Tadorna tadorna)</p><br>
<p>The Estuary is also the current mooring location for the Ross Revenge, the home of former pirate station Radio Caroline</p><br>
<p>The Lord Leycester Hospital  is a retirement home for ex-Servicemen in Warwick, England, that is located next to the West Gate, on High Street.</p><br>
<h2>Buildings and composition</h2><br>
<p>The Hospital comprises the medieval Chapel of St James the Great, living quarters (including the Masters House), a Guildhall (with anterooms) and a Great Hall. Also contained within the establishment are the Masters Garden and the Museum of the Queen&#39;s Own Hussars. The hospital is a grade I listed building. The surrounding grounds are separately listed.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Chantry Chapel of St James was built in 1126 by Roger de Newburgh, 2nd Norman Earl of Warwick. In the late 14th century it was rebuilt by the 12th Earl of Warwick. He granted the benefice of the Chapel to the Guild of St George, a guild created on 20 April 1383 under licence from King Richard II. The Guild of St George was later joined there by the Guild of the Blessed Virgin, which had been based at the Collegiate Church of St Mary, forming the United Guilds of Warwick. Living quarters and reception, meeting, and dining halls were added to the chapel as a consequence. The Guildhall was built in 1450 by the 16th Earl of Warwick.</p><br>
<p>The United Guilds were dispersed by King Henry VIII in 1546. However, their property had already been transferred to the Burgesses of Warwick by Thomas Oken, Master of the Guilds. The 1st Earl of Leicester acquired the buildings in 1571, founding therein a hospital for aged or injured soldiers and their wives, under royal charter from Queen Elizabeth I, run by 12 resident "Brethren" (originally soldiers) under the charge of a "Master", and funded from the income of various estates. This lasted until 1950. Between 1881 and 1930 the hospital served as a terminus for the Leamington & Warwick Tramways & Omnibus Company, the other end being close to Leamington Spa railway station.</p><br>
<p>In 1956 the Corporation of the Master and Brethren of the Hospital was abolished by Act of Parliament, having operated under the original charter for nearly 400 years, and replaced with a board of Governors. On 3 November 1966 a restored Hospital with modernised quarters was opened by Queen Elizabeth the Queen Mother, and today the Hospital is run by the Master, a retired officer of the Armed Forces. Eight ex-servicemen and their wives are provided with flats in return for their past services. The Hospital is funded by visitor income, the original estates having been sold over the years.</p><br>
<p>Other historical notes of interest:</p><br>
<p>The Grade I listed stone urn in the Master&#39;s Garden is 2,000 years old and was originally part of an Egyptian nilometer.</p><br>
<p>A banquet held for King James I at the Great Hall put the town of Warwick into debt for ten years.</p><br>
<h2>Television appearances</h2><br>
<p>The building has been used in many historical-set television productions including Pride and Prejudice, Tom Jones, Moll Flanders and the 2007 Doctor Who episode The Shakespeare Code. It was also featured in David Dimbleby&#39;s 2007 documentary series, How We Built Britain.</p><br>
<p>Academy of Sciences Range  is a mountain range in the Western Pamirs of Tajikistan. It is stretched in a north-south direction and considered to be the core of the Pamir mountain system.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The highest peak of the range is the Ismoil Somoni Peak. It was also the highest peak in the former Soviet Union. The length of the Academy of Sciences Range is about 110 km. The crest of the range has an Alpine-like relief with 24 summits more than 6,000 m in height. The lowest saddle point, Kamaloyak (Камалояк), is at the altitude of.</p><br>
<p>The range is formed with sedimentary and metamorphic rocks of the Paleozoic Era and partially granites. It is covered with permanent snow, which feeds a large number of big glaciers. The total area of the glacial ice is around 1,500 km².</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Academy of Sciences Range was first mapped by Russian geographer and Pamir explorer Nikolai Korzhenevskiy and named after the Soviet Academy of Sciences in 1927.</p><br>
<p>Koro is a volcanic island of Fiji that forms part of the Lomaiviti Archipelago. The Koro Sea is named after this volcanic island, which has a chain of basaltic cinder cones extending from north to south along its crest. With a land area of 105.3 square kilometers , it is the seventh largest island of Fiji. Its latitude is 17.18°; its longitude is 179.24°. Its population in 1960 was around 2,500. around 4,500 Fijians lived on the island, in 14 villages,today a lot of families of European countries are building houses in this island. A roll-on, roll-off ferry services Koro twice weekly from Suva, and also connects Koro to Vanua Levu to the North. Northern Air provides one scheduled flight per week to Koro, usually on Saturday from Suva.</p><br>
<p>The island has an airport, situated on its eastern coast. On its northwestern tip is situated the Dere Bay Resort and the Koro Beach Resort. A residential subdivision, Koro Seaview Estates was established around Dere Bay Resort in 1989 and about 60 homes have been established in the development, including a re-constructed 300-year-old home imported from Java, Indonesia. Copra and Dalo are the main exports on the island. The village of Nacamaki on the northern side of the island does a traditional turtle calling ceremony during which villagers chant songs and turtles rise to the surface. Forestry and timber logging are the major economic activities. The island has several small medical stations and schools up to High school. A Western Union and a post office are also on the island.</p><br>
<p>The US 2d Marines (regiment) was based on Koro in June and July 1942 as a defense force before deploying to Guadalcanal. The short-lived 2002 USA reality show Under One Roof was filmed on Koro Island. Koro Island was featured on Home and Garden TV&#39;s International House Hunters in 2009. The episode was filmed in May 2009.</p><br>
<p>Cuilcagh is a mountain on the border between County Fermanagh  and County Cavan  . With a height of 665 m it is the highest point in both counties and the 165th highest on the island of Ireland. Water from the southern slope flows underground until it emerges some miles away in the Shannon Pot, the traditional source of the River Shannon.</p><br>
<h2>Name and history</h2><br>
<p>The name Cuilcagh comes from the Irish Cuilceach, which has been translated as "chalky". However, the mountain is mainly sandstone and shale, covered with bog and heather. "It is possible that the name refers to the limestone rock on the lower northern flanks. Here a number of streams disappear below ground at swallow holes named Cats Hole, Pollawaddy, Pollasumera and Polliniska, all forming part of the Marble Arch cave system. If so, the name would mean calcareous rather than chalky". It has also been called Slieve Cuilcagh in English, Slieve being an anglicisation of Sliabh ("mountain").==</p><br>
<p>In the 1609 Plantation of Ulster, Cuilcagh formed part of lands which were granted to John Sandford of Castle Doe by letters patent dated 7 July 1613 (Pat. 11 James I – LXXI – 38, Quilkagh). It was later sold by Sandford to his wife&#39;s uncle Toby Caulfeild, 1st Baron Caulfeild, Master of the Ordnance and Caulfield had the sale confirmed by letters patent of 12 July 1620 (Pat. 19 James I. XI. 45, Quilkagh).</p><br>
<h2>Flora and fauna</h2><br>
<p>Cuilcagh Mountain has one of the largest expanses of blanket bog in Northern Ireland, on a relatively high elevation upland landscape, bounded by limestone grassland to the north and montane habitats to the south. The blanket bog exhibits a wide range of characteristic vegetation and structural features, with well-developed pool, hummock and lawn features, acid flushes and bog</p><br>
<p>bursts. The bog vegetation is characterised by luxuriant Sphagnum mosses but over most of the site dwarf-shrubs and graminoid herbaceous species dominate. The Cuilcagh area supports a rich assemblage of upland insects, and is one of the most important sites in Ireland for these species. Species recorded include the water beetles Agabus melanarius, Agabus arcticus, Dytiscus lapponicus, Stictotarsus multilineatus, Hydroporus longicornis and Hydroporus morio and the water bugs Glaenocorisa propinqua and Callicorixa wollastoni. Lough Atona is the main locality for these species.</p><br>
<h2>Conservation status</h2><br>
<p>The Cuilcagh Mountain Park was opened by Fermanagh District Council in 1998.</p><br>
<h3>Ramsar site</h3><br>
<p>The Cuilcagh Mountain Ramsar site (wetlands of international importance designated under the Ramsar Convention), is 2744.45 hectares in area, at latitude 54 13 26 N and longitude 07 48 17 W. It was designated a Ramsar site on 31 December 1998. The site qualified under Criterion 1 of the Ramsar Convention because is a large and relatively intact example of a blanket bog and one of the best examples of this habitat in the United Kingdom. It also contains a comparatively high-altitude example of an oligotrophic lake, Lough Atona. The site also qualified under Criterion 2 because it supports numbers of rare, vulnerable or endangered species. It is one of the most important upland breeding sites in Northern Ireland for Eurasian golden plover, an Irish Red Data Book species. The merlin, which is also an Irish Red Data Book species, occurs on the site too. The bog is also occasionally used for feeding by greater white-fronted geese.</p><br>
<h3>Geopark</h3><br>
<p>In 2001 the Cuilcagh Mountain Park was joined with popular tourist attraction the Marble Arch Caves and the Cladagh Glen Nature Reserve to make one of the first UNESCO-recognised European Geoparks. This became a Global Geopark in 2004. In September 2008 the Marble Arch Caves Global Geopark was expanded into County Cavan, making it the world&#39;s first transnational cross-border Geopark. The Geopark is protected and managed by Fermanagh District Council through the staff of the Marble Arch Caves Visitor Centre.</p><br>
<p>The Williamsburgh Savings Bank was an important institution in Brooklyn, New York, from the mid-19th to the mid-20th centuries. A series of bank mergers brought it into the HSBC group late in the 20th century. Williamsburgh Savings Bank opened the building in 1875. It is best remembered for two imposing headquarters buildings still standing, the domed original at 175 Broadway in Williamsburg, Brooklyn, designed by George B. Post, and the later Williamsburgh Savings Bank Tower.</p><br>
<p>Note: This includes</p><br>
<p>The building at 175 Broadway is listed by the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission, and on the National Register of Historic Places. In 2010 Juan Figueroa bought the building and adjacent property for $4.5 million for conversion to a banquet hall named Weylin.</p><br>
<p>Saona Island  is a tropical island located a short distance from the mainland on the south-east tip of the Dominican Republic. It is a government protected nature reserve and is part of East National Park . It is a popular destination for tourists from all over the Dominican Republic, who arrive in fleets of catamarans and small motorboats on organized excursions every day. The Island is known for its beaches, and has been used on a number of occasions by film-makers and advertisers looking for a stereotypical "desert island" setting for their film or product. It is promoted amongst European visitors as the setting for the Bounty chocolate bar advert.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The island was baptized "Saona" by Christopher Columbus, who discovered it in May 1494 during his second voyage to the Americas. The name was meant "... to honor Michele da Cuneo, friend from Savona." Columbus named Michele da Cuneo the first governor of the island.</p><br>
<p>By 1500, the Tainos on the island provided Santo Domingo with most of its cassava.</p><br>
<p>Saona Island and Savona (now part of Liguria, northern Italy) still have twinning relationships. The small power plant in Saona Island is a gift of Savona.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The seas around the Island are rich in wildlife, with many species of birds and tropical marine fish, and there are large areas where natural sandbars offshore bring the depth to just a few feet. These are once again popular with the tourist trade, with small boats stopping hundreds of meters off the beach and disgorging tourists into the waist-deep shallows where they snorkel, drink and inspect the fields of starfish indigenous to the region.</p><br>
<h2>Twin towns</h2><br>
<p>Savona, Italy</p><br>
<p>The Monashee Mountains are a mountain range lying mostly in British Columbia, Canada, extending into the USA state of Washington. They stretch 530 km from north to south and 150 km from east to west. They are a sub-range of the Columbia Mountains. They are limited on the eastern side by the Columbia River and Arrow Lakes, beyond which lie the Selkirk Mountains, and by the upper North Thompson River and the Interior Plateau on the west. The northern end of the range is at the southern end of the Robson Valley just south of the town of Valemount. The southern extremity of the range is in Washington State, where the Kettle River Range reaches just down to the confluence of the Kettle River and the Columbia, and also farther west to the southern extremity of the Okanagan Highland  just northeast of the confluence of the Okanogan and Columbia rivers at Brewster and Bridgeport.</p><br>
<p>The Okanagan Highland and parts of the Shuswap Highland, to the west of the main range, are technically classified as part of the Monashees, but may also be considered part of the Interior Plateau. The Okanagan Highland lies between the Kettle River and Okanagan Lake, south of the Shuswap River. Within this area is the small Sawtooth Range, which lies between the uppermost Shuswap River to the east and Mabel Lake to the west. The portion of the Shuswap Highland south of the North Thompson River, the boundary of which extends south to the Okanagan Highland, may also be included.</p><br>
<p>Peaks include Hallam Peak (3,205 m) and Cranberry Mountain (2,872 m). Between Revelstoke and Shuswap Lake the range is crossed by Highway 1 - the Trans-Canada Highway - and by the mainline of the Canadian Pacific Railway, which both run through Eagle Pass. The Crowsnest Highway to the south takes the Bonanza Pass. The southern end of the Monashees within Canada is an historically important mining and former industrial area known as the Boundary Country, which is focused around the basin of the lower Kettle River and extends north toward the Midway Range.</p><br>
<h2>Subranges</h2><br>
<p>Anstey Range</p><br>
<p>Christina Range</p><br>
<p>Gold Range</p><br>
<p>Jordan Range</p><br>
<p>Kettle River Range</p><br>
<p>Malton Range</p><br>
<p>Midway Range</p><br>
<p>Okanagan Highland</p><br>
<p>Beaverdell Range</p><br>
<p>Sawtooth Range</p><br>
<p>Ratchford Range</p><br>
<p>Rossland Range</p><br>
<p>Scrip Range</p><br>
<p>Shuswap Highland</p><br>
<p>Whatshan Range</p><br>
<h2>Mountains</h2><br>
<p>Mount Monashee 3,274 m</p><br>
<p>Hallam Peak 3,205 m</p><br>
<p>Thor Mountain 3,146 m</p><br>
<p>Mount Odin 2,971 m</p><br>
<p>Cranberry Mountain 2,872 m</p><br>
<p>The Pinnacles 2,607 m</p><br>
<p>Mount Copeland</p><br>
<h2>Sources</h2><br>
<p>Kennedy Channel  is an Arctic sea passage between Greenland and Canada&#39;s most northerly island, Ellesmere Island.</p><br>
<p>It was named by Elisha Kane around 1854 during his second Arctic voyage in search of the lost Franklin expedition. It is not entirely clear, however, for which Kennedy he named the channel. Kane may have had his fellow explorer William Kennedy in mind, whom he had met a few years previously while both were involved in earlier searches for Franklin&#39;s expedition. However, most historians believe it was named for John Pendleton Kennedy, the United States Secretary of the Navy during 1852 to 1853, under whose direction Kane&#39;s second Arctic voyage took place.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>It forms part of Nares Strait, linking Kane Basin with Hall Basin. From the south, its beginning is marked by Capes Lawrence and Jackson; its junction with Hall Basin is marked by Capes Baird and Morton. It is about 130 kilometres in length, between 24 and 32 kilometres in width and averages water depths between 180 and 340 metres.</p><br>
<p>It contains Hans Island, which is claimed by both Canada and Denmark, because it is located close to the middle between the two coastlines, but about 1000 meters closer to Greenland&#39;s coast. The channel also contains two more islands, Franklin Island and Crozier Island which are located much closer to the Greenland coast and therefore belong to Greenland.</p><br>
<p>The Columbia Mountains are a group of mountain ranges along the upper Columbia River in southeastern British Columbia, and also in Montana, Idaho and Washington. The mountain range covers 135,952 km² . The range is bounded by the Rocky Mountain Trench on the east, and the Kootenay River on the south; their western boundary is the edge of the Interior Plateau. Seventy-five percent of the range is located in Canada and the remaining twenty-five percent in the United States; American geographic classifications place the Columbia Mountains as part of the Rocky Mountains complex, but this designation does not apply in Canada . Mount Sir Sandford is the highest mountain in the range, reaching 3,519 m.</p><br>
<h2>Mountain ranges</h2><br>
<p>The Columbia Mountains are made up of four large ranges containing many subranges:</p><br>
<p>Cariboo Mountains</p><br>
<p>Lunn Icefield</p><br>
<p>Mowdish Range</p><br>
<p>Premier Range</p><br>
<p>Vimy Ridge</p><br>
<p>Wavy Range</p><br>
<p>Monashee Mountains</p><br>
<p>Anstey Range</p><br>
<p>Christina Range</p><br>
<p>Gold Range</p><br>
<p>Jordan Range</p><br>
<p>Kettle River Range</p><br>
<p>Malton Range</p><br>
<p>Midway Range</p><br>
<p>Ratchford Range</p><br>
<p>Rossland Range</p><br>
<p>Scrip Range</p><br>
<p>Whatshan Range</p><br>
<p>* The Pinnacles</p><br>
<p>Selkirk Mountains</p><br>
<p>Asulkan Range</p><br>
<p>Battle Range</p><br>
<p>Big Bend Ranges</p><br>
<p>* Adamant Range</p><br>
<p>* Sir Sandford Range</p><br>
<p>* Windy Range</p><br>
<p>Bishops Range</p><br>
<p>Bonnington Range</p><br>
<p>Clachnacudainn Range</p><br>
<p>Dawson Range</p><br>
<p>Duncan Ranges</p><br>
<p>* Badshot Range</p><br>
<p>Goat Range</p><br>
<p>Hermit Range</p><br>
<p>Kokanee Range</p><br>
<p>* Slocan Ranges</p><br>
<p>Lardeau Range</p><br>
<p>Nelson Range</p><br>
<p>Purity Range</p><br>
<p>Sir Donald Range</p><br>
<p>Valhalla Ranges</p><br>
<p>* Ruby Range</p><br>
<p>Valkyr Range</p><br>
<p>* Norns Range</p><br>
<p>Purcell Mountains (Percell Mountains in the United States)</p><br>
<p>The Bugaboos Group</p><br>
<p>Carbonate Range</p><br>
<p>Dogtooth Range</p><br>
<p>Farnham Group</p><br>
<p>MacBeth Group</p><br>
<p>McGillivary Range</p><br>
<p>Moyie Range</p><br>
<p>Septet Range</p><br>
<p>Spillimacheen Range</p><br>
<p>Starbird Ridge</p><br>
<p>* Commander Group</p><br>
<p>Stockdale Group</p><br>
<p>Toby Glacier</p><br>
<p>Truce Group</p><br>
<p>Yahk Range</p><br>
<p>Additionally lower areas to the west of the main ranges are sometimes included in the description of the Cariboo Mountains:</p><br>
<p>Quesnel Highland</p><br>
<p>Gosse Range</p><br>
<p>Palmer Range</p><br>
<p>Goose Range</p><br>
<p>Palmer Range</p><br>
<p>Shuswap Highland</p><br>
<p>Hunters Range</p><br>
<p>Mabel Range</p><br>
<p>Park Range</p><br>
<p>Sawtooth Range</p><br>
<p>Seymour Range</p><br>
<p>Shuswap Range</p><br>
<p>Silver Hills</p><br>
<p>Trinity Hills</p><br>
<p>Okanagan Highland</p><br>
<p>Beaverdell Range</p><br>
<p>Some classification systems end the Columbia Mountains at the North Thompson River, such that the Cariboo Mountains are assigned to the Interior Plateau. Where the Columbia Mountains meet the Interior Plateau there are intermediary areas known as highlands - the Quesnel Highland (west flank of the Cariboos), the Shuswap Highland (south of the Cariboos and west of the northern Monashees), and the Okanagan Highland (west of the southern Monashees). These are listed here but are often considered to be part of the Interior Plateau.</p><br>
<p>Some geographic classifications also include the Cabinet Mountains and Salish Mountains, which lie south of the Purcells between the Kootenai River and the Clark Fork of the Columbia, but in US classification systems they are generally considered to be part of the Rocky Mountains.</p><br>
<p>Physiographically, they are a distinct province of the larger Rocky Mountain System physiographic division.</p><br>
<h2>Mountains</h2><br>
<p>The following mountains are the 10 highest mountains (in order) contained within the Columbian Mountains:</p><br>
<p>Mount Sir Sandford (3,519 m) (Selkirks)</p><br>
<p>Mount Sir Wilfrid Laurier (3,516 m) (Cariboos)</p><br>
<p>Mount Farnham (3,493 m) (Purcells)</p><br>
<p>Mount Jumbo (3,437 m) (Purcells)</p><br>
<p>Howser Spire (3,412 m) (Purcells)</p><br>
<p>Mount Delphine (3,406 m) (Purcells)</p><br>
<p>Mount Sir John Abbott (3,398 m) (Cariboos)</p><br>
<p>Mount Hammond (3,387 m) (Purcells)</p><br>
<p>Mount Dawson (3,377 m) (Selkirks)</p><br>
<p>Eyebrow Peak (3,362 m) (Purcells)</p><br>
<h2>Passes</h2><br>
<p>The following passes are located within or on the perimeter of the Columbia Mountains:</p><br>
<p>Cedarside Pass (Fraser and Columbia Rivers 800m)</p><br>
<p>Canal Flats (Columbia and Kootenay Rivers)</p><br>
<p>Rogers Pass (between Revelstoke and Golden)</p><br>
<p>Kootenay Pass (between Trail and Creston)</p><br>
<p>Eagle Pass (between Revelstoke and Sicamous)</p><br>
<p>Monashee Pass (BC Hwy 6)</p><br>
<p>Bonanza Pass (Christina Lake to Castlegar/Rossland)</p><br>
<p>Denmark Sound or Denmark Fjord  is a fjord or sound located on the northeast tip of Greenland within Northeast Greenland National Park.</p><br>
<p>The fjord was found and named during the ill-fated Denmark expedition 1906-1908 led by Ludvig Mylius-Erichsen which mapped Greenland&#39;s north coast between Cape York and Denmark Sound.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>This fjord, together with Independence Sound and Hagen Sound, flows into the Wandel Sea, which is part of the Arctic Ocean.</p><br>
<p>Three islands are located in the bay at the mouth of the sound, Princess Thyra Island, Princess Margaret Island and Princess Dagmar Island. The area was formerly part of Avannaa, originally Nordgrønland ("North Greenland"), a former county of Greenland until 31 December 2008.</p><br>
<p>The Danish military base/weather station Nord is located by the sound on the western side of Crown Prince Christian Land Peninsula.</p><br>
<p>Cape York  is a cape on the northwestern coast of Greenland, in northern Baffin Bay.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Cape York is an important geographical landmark that delimits the northwestern end of Melville Bay, with the other end commonly defined as Wilcox Head, the western promontory on Kiatassuaq Island.</p><br>
<p>A chain of small coastal islands stretches between Cape York and Cape Melville to the east, the largest of which is Meteorite Island. The cape is located 37 km west-south-west of the Savissivik settlement on Meteorite Island.</p><br>
<p>There are not any permanent settlements near Cape York. There was one settlement, Perlernerit, approximately 2 km (1 mi) northeast of the cape, but now it&#39;s permanently abandoned.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The cape was the one of many places visited in 1894 by Admiral Robert Peary during his second expedition to the Arctic. The area of Cape York was the site of discovery of the Cape York Meteorite. In the Greenlandic language, the name of the settlement Savissivik on the island close to the cape means place of meteorite iron (savik=iron/knife), alluding to the numerous meteorites from 10,000 years ago that have been found in the area. The meteorite is estimated to have weighed 100 tonnes before it exploded. The iron from the meteorite attracted migrating Inuit from Arctic Canada.</p><br>
<h2>Photographs</h2><br>
<p>Robeson Channel  is a body of water lying between Greenland and Canada&#39;s northernmost island, Ellesmere Island. It is the most northerly part of Nares Strait, linking Hall Basin to the south with the Arctic Ocean to the north.</p><br>
<p>It is about 50 mi in length and between 11 to 18 mi wide. Alert, the world&#39;s most northerly permanently inhabited settlement, lies nearby.</p><br>
<p>It was named during the 1871 Polaris Expedition, for American George Robeson, Secretary of the Navy in the Ulysses S. Grant administration.</p><br>
<h2>Further reading</h2><br>
<p>* Chow, R. K. Near-Surface Current in Robeson Channel. Defence Research Establishment Ottawa, 1975.</p><br>
<p>* Dunbar, Moira, and John E. Keys. Robeson Channel Ice Drift and Oceanographic Measurements 1970-1975. Ottawa: Defense Research Establishment Ottawa?, 1980.</p><br>
<p>* Serson, H. V. Robeson Channel Experiment Main and Radar Camp-Plans and Operations. Ottawa: Dept. of National Defence, 1971.</p><br>
<p>The Yuan or Yüan River  is one of the four largest rivers in Hunan province in southeast-central China. It is a tributary of Yangtze River. It is 864 km long and rises in Guizhou province in the Miao Mountains near Duyun and is navigable. The upper stream is called the Longtou River, and downstream it is called the Qingshui  River. It becomes the Yuan River after its confluence with its northern tributary, the Wu River.</p><br>
<p>After its merger with the Wu River, the Yuan flows in a northeasterly direction, hugging the western side of the Xuefeng Mountains of Hunan. Ultimately, the Yuan flows into the Dongting Lake at Changde and from there into the Yangtze River. The Yuan serves as a major waterway for western Hunan and eastern Guizhou. The Yuan is navigable for large vessels up to Changde, whereas smaller boats can make it to Taoyuan.</p><br>
<p>Alofi is an island in the Pacific Ocean belonging to the French overseas collectivity  of Wallis and Futuna.</p><br>
<h2>Overview</h2><br>
<p>It is virtually uninhabited (population 2 as of census of 2003 in the village of Alofitai in the west), and under the chief of Alo on Futuna, but in pre-European times it was as densely populated as Futuna, which would have had a population of almost 1900. Former villages were Sologa (north), Sa&#39;avaka (southeast), Alofitai (west), and Mua (northwest). Some maps also show a village of Gaino in the north. Alofi island is only 2 km southeast of Futuna. Futunians who have plantations on Alofi go there at least every Saturday to tend their gardens. A popular crop is tobacco, and they take enough leaves with them to be able to smoke for the rest of the week.</p><br>
<p>The island has an area of 32 km&sup2; and Mont Kolofau (also called Mont Bougainville) reaches to an height of 410 m. It is also known as one of the two Horne Islands, Futuna being the other.</p><br>
<p>330 North Wabash  is a skyscraper in downtown Chicago, Illinois, United States, at 330 N. Wabash Avenue, designed by famed architect Ludwig Mies van der Rohe . A small bust of the architect by sculptor Marino Marini is displayed in the lobby. The 52-story building is situated on a plaza overlooking the Chicago River. At 695 feet , 330 North Wabash is the second-tallest building by Mies van der Rohe, the tallest being the Toronto-Dominion Bank Tower at Toronto-Dominion Centre. It was his last American building.</p><br>
<p>The building&#39;s original corporate namesake no longer owns nor has offices in the building. IBM sold IBM Plaza to the Blackstone Group in 1996. IBM all but completed its move out of IBM Plaza as of early 2006, taking up space in the new Hyatt Center building closer to Union Station. Current major tenants are the American Medical Association, Langham Chicago managed by Langham Hotels International, and law firm Latham & Watkins.</p><br>
<p>The former IBM Plaza has several design features that are rare in an office building but understandable given its original owner. The building&#39;s electrical system, environmental system, floor strength, and ceiling height (on certain floors) can support large raised floor computing centers. Also, the "banked" intelligent elevator system is a model of efficiency and rarely keeps anyone waiting for service. IBM Plaza stayed dry during the 1992 Chicago Flood.</p><br>
<p>In 2007, plans were announced to convert floors two through thirteen of the 52-story building into a high-end hotel. The Langham, Chicago which opened in 2013, occupying floors two through thirteen. The Langham Hotel in the building was named the best hotel in the United States by US News in 2017. The building was declared a Chicago Landmark on February 6, 2008 and added to the National Register of Historic Places on March 26, 2010. It is also the newest building in Chicago in terms of age on both lists.</p><br>
<p>On December 9, 2011, the American Medical Association announced it would move its headquarters and entire workforce to 330 N. Wabash from its previous headquarters on State Street. The move occurred in September 2013 and the building was renamed AMA Plaza.</p><br>
<h2>Position in Chicago's skyline</h2><br>
<h2>In film</h2><br>
<p>The building is seen briefly in the film The Corporation</p><br>
<p>This building is used in The Dark Knight, where it is the location of Harvey Dents and Mayor Anthony Garcias offices.</p><br>
<h2>Former Tenants</h2><br>
<p>Mercury Records - moved to New York City when consolidated into PolyGram Records, now part of Universal Music Group</p><br>
<p>Antelope Canyon is a slot canyon in the American Southwest. It is on Navajo land east of Page, Arizona. Antelope Canyon includes two separate, scenic slot canyon sections, referred to individually as "Upper Antelope Canyon" or "The Crack&quot and "Antelope Canyon" or "The Corkscrew".</p><br>
<p>The Navajo name for Upper Antelope Canyon is, which means the place where water runs through rocks. Lower Antelope Canyon is (called "Hasdestwazi" by the Navajo Parks and Recreation Department), or spiral rock arches. Both are in the LeChee Chapter of the Navajo Nation.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>Antelope Canyon was formed by erosion of Navajo Sandstone, primarily due to flash flooding and secondarily due to other sub-aerial processes. Rainwater, especially during monsoon season, runs into the extensive basin above the slot canyon sections, picking up speed and sand as it rushes into the narrow passageways. Over time the passageways eroded away, making the corridors deeper and smoothing hard edges in such a way as to form characteristic "flowing" shapes in the rock.</p><br>
<p>Flooding in the canyon still occurs. A flood occurred on October 30, 2006, that lasted 36 hours, and caused the Tribal Park Authorities to close Lower Antelope Canyon for five months.</p><br>
<h2>Tourism and photography</h2><br>
<p>Antelope Canyon is a popular location for photographers and sightseers, and a source of tourism business for the Navajo Nation. Private tour companies have been permitted to offer tours since 1987. It has been accessible by tour only since 1997, when the Navajo Tribe made it a Navajo Tribal Park. Photography within the canyons is difficult due to the wide exposure range (often 10 EV or more) made by light reflecting off the canyon walls.</p><br>
<h3>Upper Antelope Canyon</h3><br>
<p>Upper Antelope Canyon is called, the place where water runs through rocks by the Navajo. It is the most frequently visited by tourists for two reasons. First, its entrance and entire length are at ground level, requiring no climbing. Second, beams or shafts of direct sunlight radiating down from openings at the top of the canyon are much more common in Upper than in Lower. Beams occur most often in the summer months, as they require the sun to be high in the sky. Winter colors are more muted. Summer months provide two types of lighting. Light beams start to peek into the canyon March 20 and disappear October 7 each year.</p><br>
<h3>Lower Antelope Canyon</h3><br>
<p>Lower Antelope Canyon, called, or spiral rock arches by the Navajo, are a few miles away. Prior to the installation of metal stairways, visiting the canyon required climbing along pre-installed ladders in certain areas. Even following the installation of stairways, it is a more difficult hike than Upper Antelope. It is longer, narrower in spots, and even footing is not available in all areas. At the end, the climb out requires several flights of stairs.</p><br>
<p>Despite these limitations, Lower Antelope Canyon draws a considerable number of photographers, though casual sightseers are much less common there than in Upper.</p><br>
<p>The lower canyon is in the shape of a "V" and shallower than the Upper Antelope. Lighting is better in the early hours and late morning.</p><br>
<h3>Flash flood danger</h3><br>
<p>Antelope Canyon is visited exclusively through guided tours, in part because rains during monsoon season can quickly flood the canyon. Rain does not have to fall on or near the Antelope Canyon slots for flash floods to whip through, as rain falling dozens of miles away upstream of the canyons can funnel into them with little prior notice. On August 12, 1997, eleven tourists, including seven from France, one from the United Kingdom, one from Sweden and two from the United States, were killed in Lower Antelope Canyon by a flash flood. Very little rain fell at the site that day, but an earlier thunderstorm had dumped a large amount of water into the canyon basin, 7 mi upstream. The lone survivor of the flood was tour guide Francisco "Pancho" Quintana, who had prior swift-water training. At the time, the ladder system consisted of amateur-built wood ladders that were swept away by the flash flood. Today, ladder systems have been bolted in place, and deployable cargo nets are installed at the top of the canyon. At the fee booth, a NOAA Weather Radio from the National Weather Service and an alarm horn are stationed.</p><br>
<h3>Access</h3><br>
<p>The road to upper Antelope Canyon is gated by the Navajo Nation and entry is restricted to guided tours led by authorized tour guides.</p><br>
<p>Langstone Harbour is an inlet of the English Channel in Hampshire, sandwiched between Portsea Island to the south and west, Hayling Island to the south and east, and Langstone to the north. Geographically it is a ria.</p><br>
<p>Together with Chichester Harbour, which is at the other (eastern) side of Hayling Island it is designated as a Special Protection Area for wildlife. West of Portsmouth is Portsmouth Harbour and the three linked harbours are important recreational and conservation areas as well as supporting commercial fishing and shipping. It is administered by the Langstone Harbour Board.</p><br>
<p>The eastern boundary with Chichester Harbour is defined by a historic causeway known as the wade way, which was originally the only crossing between Hayling Island and the mainland. It is now impassable, having been cut in two by a deep channel for the Portsmouth and Arundel Canal in the 1820s (for further information see Langstone).</p><br>
<h2>Islands</h2><br>
<p>Langstone Harbour contains a number of islands; Baker&#39;s Island, North Binness Island, South Binness Island and Long Island. These are subject to erosion and during the 1990s a seven-year archaeology project took place before their history was lost to the seas.</p><br>
<p>There are also two smaller islands. Round nap island which is connected to South Binness Island by a tidal causeway and Oyster Island.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Langstone Harbour was originally a river valley of one of the tributaries flowing into the then River Solent.</p><br>
<p>For much of its history the harbour has been an area of salt production. The Copnor saltern ceased production in 1800 but salt production continued elsewhere in the harbour until 1933.</p><br>
<p>In 1771 Farlington Marshes were reclaimed from the north of the harbour.</p><br>
<p>Oyster farming began in the harbour around 1820 with winkle and clam cultivation probably starting around much the same time. Production ceased in the 1950s. An attempt at oyster farming in the 1980s soon failed. The lagoon which has a small island at the centre has, as planned, become a breeding ground for birds, particularly little terns.</p><br>
<p>During the Second World War the harbour was used as Starfish decoy site to misdirect German bombers.</p><br>
<h2>Wildlife</h2><br>
<p>The harbour is home to an extensive range of marine and bird life. Fifty species of fish have been found in the harbour. The harbours bird life is even richer, the harbour hosting a wide range of species some of which are represented by over 10,000 individuals. This is in a large part due to the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds acquiring harbours islands and a number of tidal areas in 1978 and turning them into bird sanctuaries. As a result of the number of birds the harbour as become a popular spot for bird watchers.</p><br>
<p>Seals occasionally appear in the harbour in winter.American hard-shelled clams have been found in the harbour spreading from an initial release site on the lower River Test.</p><br>
<p>On 31 July 2008 a 26-foot (8-metre), 7-tonne northern bottlenose whale was beached on a mudflat in Langstone Harbour. A rescue operation was carried out to try to save the whale off the south coast of England and managed to free the whale from mudflats using a special lifting pontoon but it remained in shallow water. A decision was made to give the whale a lethal injection as a blood test revealed that it was suffering from kidney failure. If the whale swam into deeper water it could take up to two days to die naturally from renal failure. The whale ended up about 3,000 mi off course due to its illness.</p><br>
<h2>Wrecks</h2><br>
<p>There are several boat wrecks in the harbour. The harbour also contains a wrecked landing craft that rests with its bows almost permanently above the surface.</p><br>
<p>Close to the entrance of the harbour there is a wrecked Phoenix breakwater type C.</p><br>
<p>Various artefacts have been found from the prison hulks that were kept in the harbour during the Napoleonic wars.</p><br>
<p>Lake Coeur dAlene is a natural lake in northern Idaho, in the northwest United States. Its northern end is in the city of Coeur dAlene. It spans 25 mi in length and ranges from 1 to 3 mi wide with over 109 mi of shoreline.</p><br>
<h2>Geology and geography</h2><br>
<p>Lake Coeur dAlene, like other lakes surrounding the Spokane Valley and Rathdrum Prairie, was formed by the Missoula Floods, most recently 12,000 to 15,000 years ago. The Purcell Lobe of the Cordilleran Ice Sheet flowed south from Canada, carving the basin of present-day Lake Pend Oreille and damming the Clark Fork river. The impounded river repeatedly filled to form Glacial Lake Missoula and broke through the ice dam, resulting in massive floods that filled the Rathdrum Prairie area with sand, gravel, and boulders. Large eddy bars formed downstream from bedrock obstructions, thereby damming tributary valleys and creating lakes. Lake Coeur dAlene is fed primarily by two rivers, the Coeur d&#39;Alene and the Saint Joe. The outflow is via the Spokane River.</p><br>
<p>The lake&#39;s elevation varies from 2,128 ft above sea level in the summer to up to 7 ft lower in the winter, controlled by the Post Falls Dam 9 mi below the lake on the Spokane River.</p><br>
<p>The lake&#39;s average surface temperature between June 1 and September 30 is 68 &deg;F.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The first-recorded European to see the area was explorer David Thompson in 1807.</p><br>
<p>Flooding as a result of the construction and operation of the Post Falls Dam drastically changed the shape and size of the lake, expanding it to combine several smaller lakes into one.</p><br>
<p>The lake has been used for transporting lumber by water in Kootenai County since the timber industry started in the region. Prior to a fire in 1917, Harrison was planned as the county seat of Kootenai County, as the swiftly growing lumber town was at an opportune junction of the St. Joe and Coeur d Alene rivers. After the fire, the mills were moved mostly to the city of Coeur dAlene, which developed more and was designated as the county seat.</p><br>
<p>A number of Ford Model T automobiles sitting on the bottom of the lake are the result of people in the early 1900s choosing to drive in winter across the frozen lake. But they did not always judge how thick the ice was, and went through. Steamboats on the bottom resulted from being burned and sunk as wrecks when they were no longer of use to ferry people around the lake. Since the late 20th century, divers frequently visit these ruins on the bottom as part of their recreation.</p><br>
<p>The Coeur dAlene Tribe owns the southern third of Lake Coeur dAlene and its submerged lands as part of its reservation, in addition to miles of the Saint Joe River and its submerged lands, all of which the United States holds in trust for the tribe. Its rights to the lake and river were established in the first executive order founding its reservation, which originally included all of the lake. In United States v. Idaho (2001), the United States Supreme Court held that an 1873 executive order issued by President Ulysses S. Grant formalized ownership by the tribe.</p><br>
<p>While the court holding has not affected usage and access to Lake Coeur dAlene, the Environmental Protection Agency has ruled that the tribe may set its own water-quality standards on its portion of Lake Coeur dAlene.</p><br>
<h2>Recreation</h2><br>
<p>Lake Coeur dAlene is a popular tourist site for many people during the summer, offering great beaches and scenic views. A seasonal hobby of some local residents is viewing the bald eagles as they feed on the kokanee in the lake, mainly from the Wolf Lodge Bay. The North Idaho Centennial Trail, popular among cyclists, walkers, and joggers, follows along the lakes north and northeastern shore. The Trail of the Coeur d&#39;Alenes also runs along the southern shores.</p><br>
<p>For a decade, the lake hosted unlimited hydroplane races for the Diamond Cup (1958–1966, 1968).</p><br>
<p>Idaho State Parks and public facilities</p><br>
<p>Coeur d&#39;Alene Parkway State Park</p><br>
<p>Heyburn State Park</p><br>
<p>Trail of the Coeur d&#39;Alenes</p><br>
<h2>In popular culture</h2><br>
<p>The song "Coeur d&#39;Alene" by the rock band Alter Bridge from their third album AB III is about this lake.</p><br>
<p>Saugus Iron Works National Historic Site is a National Historic Site located about 10 miles  northeast of Downtown Boston in Saugus, Massachusetts. It is the site of the first integrated ironworks in North America, founded by John Winthrop the Younger and in operation between 1646 and approximately 1670. It includes the reconstructed blast furnace, forge, rolling mill, shear, slitter and a quarter-ton drop hammer.</p><br>
<p>The facility is powered by seven large waterwheels, some of which are rigged to work in tandem with huge wooden gears connecting them. It has a wharf to load the iron onto ocean-going vessels, as well as a large, restored 17th-century house.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>During the 17th century, iron was used to manufacture a number of indispensable goods, including nails, horseshoes, cookware, tools, and weapons. The production of iron required a complex manufacturing process that could only be done by an industrial enterprise. This process was not available in North America during the early years of English colonization, which meant that all iron goods had to be imported. As it took at least two months to sail to the nearest foundry, iron goods were very expensive.</p><br>
<p>Winthrop believed that because the colonies had a cheap and abundant supply of raw materials, an iron works in Massachusetts could produce goods that could be sold profitably in the New England and Chesapeake Colonies as well as in England itself. In 1641, Winthrop sailed to England to get the capital he needed to fund the enterprise. Winthrop selected a site in Braintree, Massachusetts (now part of present-day Quincy, Massachusetts) as the location of the first Iron Works. Construction began in 1644 and was completed in 1645. On October 15, 1645, Winthrop secured the Undertakers an exemption from taxes and a 21-year monopoly on iron production from the Massachusetts General Court. The Braintree Iron Works, however, was unsuccessful due to a lack of iron ore in the area and an inadequate supply of water to power the machinery.</p><br>
<p>In 1645, the Undertakers wrote to Winthrop informing him that Richard Leader, a merchant from Salehurst who was familiar with the iron making process, would replace him as manager of the Iron Works. After arriving in Massachusetts, Leader reviewed the previous site survey and looked into some other locations. He selected a location in Lynn, Massachusetts (now part of present-day Saugus) on the Saugus River. The river was navigable for shallow draft vessels and could be dammed to power machinery. The surrounding forests could be used to make charcoal. Bog ore could be mined from nearby ponds, swamps, riverbeds, and bogs. Limestone, which was normally used for flux, was not available, but through trial and error it was found that gabbro, which could be mined in nearby Nahant, would work as a flux.</p><br>
<p>The new iron works, which was called Hammersmith, began operations in 1646. It consisted of a blast furnace for producing pig iron and gray iron (the later of which was poured into molds to make firebacks, pots, pans, kettles, and skillets), a forge where pig iron was refined into wrought iron and a 500-pound hammer was used to make merchant bars, which were sold to blacksmiths for manufacture into finished products, and a rolling and slitting mill where flat stock that could be used to manufacture nails, bolts, horse shoes, wagon tires, axes, saw blades, and other implements was produced. At the time, it was one of the most technologically advanced iron works in the world. Once functioning, the Iron Works ran for thirty weeks of the year and produced one ton of cast iron a day.</p><br>
<p>Skilled workers were brought over from England to ply their trade at the iron works. These emigrants did not fit in with the local Puritan society and often ran afoul of its laws. Many ironworkers were arrested for crimes such as drunkenness, adultery, gambling, fighting, cursing, not attending church, and wearing fine clothes. The less experienced local men who worked at the Iron Works met with frequent and sometimes fatal accidents. The Scots mostly worked as unskilled laborers, performing tasks like chopping wood. Some learned skills such as making charcoal, blacksmithing and carpentry. Most Scots were able to gain their freedom after seven years and afterwards they remained in Massachusetts or moved to Maine, where they started families and assimilated into Puritan society.</p><br>
<p>In 1650, Leader, who had encountered difficulties with the Undertakers, left the Iron Works to go into the sawmill business. John Gifford and William Aubrey assumed management of the Iron Works, with Gifford serving as ironmaster and Aubrey doing the accounting.</p><br>
<p>Although the Iron Works produced a respectable quantity of iron, due to the high cost of labor, financial mismanagement which may have included embezzlement, and a number of lawsuits, it seldom operated at a profit.</p><br>
<h2>Site reconstruction and restoration</h2><br>
<p>After the iron works closed, the site fell into disuse and became hidden by underbrush. In 1898, the Lynn Historical Society erected a historical marker near the site which read "The First Iron Works. The first successful iron works in this country established here. Foundry erected in 1643. Joseph Jenckes built a forge here in 1647 and in 1652 made the dies for the first silver money coined in New England. In 1654 he made the first fire engine in America." Eventually, the plaque too became obscured by the underbrush and remained camouflaged until it was discovered during the restoration of the Iron Works.</p><br>
<p>In 1915, antiquarian Wallace Nutting purchased the Appleton-Taylor-Mansfield House, a 1680s farmhouse near the iron works site which was believed to be the former home of the ironmaster of the Saugus Iron Works. He renamed the home Broadhearth and undertook an extensive, albeit embellished, restoration of the home. Nutting used Broadhearth to showcase his collection of antiques, photographs, and reproduction furniture. In 1917 he added a blacksmiths shop to the property and hired a blacksmith to manufacture and sell reproductions of early ironwork. In 1920, Nutting, who was having financial troubles, sold the house to Boston antiques dealer Charles L. Cooney. After Cooneys death, his widow sold it to another Boston antiques dealer, Philip Rosenberg. Upon purchasing property, Rosenberg promised Louise Hawkes of the Parson Roby Chapter of the Daughters of the American Revolution that he would only sell the house to the DAR or the Town of Saugus. In 1938, the DAR purchased a piece of the former Iron Works property out of foreclosure for $50. In 1941, Rosenberg offered to sell the house to Saugus and the DAR, however neither could meet his asking price. Instead he reached an agreement with the Alumni Association of the Henry Ford Trade School, which intended on moving the building to Henry Fords Greenfield Village in Dearborn, Michigan. News of the impending move caused outrage amongst Saugus residents and preservationists who, after extensive discussions, convinced Henry Ford not to acquire the building. In exchange, Ford wanted the Alumni Association reimbursed what it spent on the property. Fundraising efforts in Saugus were disappointing, so William Sumner Appleton, President of the Society for the Preservation of New England Antiquities, proposed splitting the cost between the state, town, and the public. When it became clear that this plan would not work, Appleton created a nonprofit, called the First Iron Works Association, to purchase and maintain the property. In 1943 the First Iron Works Association (FIWA) purchased the farmhouse as well as the DARs piece of the former Iron Works property.</p><br>
<p>Louise E. du Pont Crowninshield, one of the FIWAs directors, approached Quincy Bent, a retired executive of Bethlehem Steel residing in Gloucester, Massachusetts, for money. Although Bent was unimpressed by the house, he was interested in the propertys slag pile, which indicated that the site could contain the remains of an iron works. Bent eventually convinced the American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI) to fund the restoration of the Iron Works.</p><br>
<p>In September 1948, FIWA president J. Sanger Attwill approached archaeologist Roland W. Robbins who had discovered the site of Henry David Thoreaus cabin on Walden Pond about trying to find the site of the Iron Works. Robbins was interested in the idea of digging at a site that was over three hundred years old, the challenge of working on a site where there little information, including no plans or sketches, and the opportunity to work at what may have been the first iron-manufacturing plant in the American colonies. Robbins excavations uncovered the major manufacturing units of the Iron Works, including the foundations of buildings, remains of the blast furnace, holding ponds, and canal, a 500-pound hammer used in the forge, and a waterwheel that powered the bellows for the blast furnace, along with its wheel pit. The wheel was saved by biologists from Harvard University, who developed a process to preserve it. In total, more than 5,000 artifacts were found. Robbins was aided by a historical researcher (Professor E. Neal Hartley of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology), metallurgic experts, specialists from Harvard Universitys biological laboratory and botanical museum, and a professional photographer. He also received assistance from collectors and experts, including Smithsonian curator C. Malcolm Watkins, MIT professor Herbert H. Uhlig, and Harvard professor Elso Barghoorn. Robbins abruptly left the Iron Works in 1953. Robbins departure came not long after a dispute with Bent, who wanted Robbins to give tours of the excavation site on weekends in addition to his other duties. According to archaeologist and author Donald W. Linebaugh, it was also due in part because of the decision of the FIWA to base the reconstruction of the Iron Works primarily on documentary evidence instead of archaeological evidence. Robbins also clashed with the projects architects, thinking them to be ignorant about and uninterested in archeological data.</p><br>
<p>The Boston architecture firm of Perry, Shaw & Hepburn, Kehoe & Dean, which was responsible for the restoration of Colonial Williamsburg, was hired to reconstruct the Iron Works. The reconstruction was based on archeological evidence and historical documents, as well as partially on conjecture. The Saugus Iron Works was opened on September 18, 1954, the first day of Saugus’ three-day celebration of the town&#39;s 325th anniversary. Benjamin Franklin Fairless, chairman of USA Steel, served as master of ceremonies at the dedication. Also in participating in the ceremony were Senator Leverett Saltonstall, Governor Christian Herter, First Iron Works Association President J. Sanger Attwill, and Inland Steel Company chairman Edward L. Ryerson.</p><br>
<h2>Becoming a National Park</h2><br>
<p>After it opened to the public, Saugus Iron Works operated as a private museum run by the First Iron Works Association and funded by the American Iron and Steel Institute. In 1961, the AISI announced that it would no longer pay its annual maintenance subsidy, which left the future of the site uncertain. On April 5, 1968, the Saugus Iron Works was added to the National Park Service system and renamed the Saugus Iron Works National Historic Site. The park is open seasonally, spring through fall.</p><br>
<p>Grand Portage National Monument is a United States National Monument located on the north shore of Lake Superior in northeastern Minnesota that preserves a vital center of fur trade activity and Anishinaabeg Ojibwe heritage.</p><br>
<p>The Grand Portage is an 8.5 mi (2720 rod) footpath which bypasses a set of waterfalls and rapids on the last 20 mi of the Pigeon River before it flows into Lake Superior. This path is part of the historic trade route of the French-Canadian voyageurs and coureur des bois between their wintering grounds and their depots to the east.</p><br>
<p>Composed of the Pigeon River and other strategic interior streams, lakes, and portages, this route was of enormous importance in pre-industrial times. It provided quick water access from Canadas settled areas and Atlantic ports to the fur-rich Ruperts Land and the North-Western Territory. Some 50 mi upstream from Lake Superior, this trade route crosses the Height of Land Portage, on the Northern continental divide, and connects South Lake in the Pigeon River/Great Lakes watershed with North Lake of the Rainy River watershed. Grand Portage therefore was an essential link between the drainage basin of the Nelson River to Hudson Bay and that of the Saint Lawrence River to the Atlantic Ocean.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>As early as 2,000 years ago, Indian Nations probably used Gichi-onigaming, or “the Great Carrying Place”, to travel from summer homes on Lake Superior to winter hunting grounds in the interior of Minnesota and Ontario. In 1729 Cree guide Auchagah drew a map for some of the first French fur traders, to show them how to reach the "western sea" of Lake Winnipeg. In time, Grand Portage became the gateway into rich northern fur-bearing country, where it connected remote interior outposts to lucrative international markets.</p><br>
<p>The Grand Portage trail is an 8.5 mi trail connecting Grand Portage with Fort Charlotte on the Pigeon River. Voyageurs from the Rupert&#39;s Land would carry their furs by canoe to Fort Charlotte, and portage the bundles of fur to Grand Portage. There they met traders from Montreal, and exchanged the furs for trade goods and supplies. Each canoe "brigade" then returned to its starting place. The fur traders built Fort Charlotte as a trading fort at Grand Portage. There they built the Grand Hall in the French colonial style, which housed their meetings, a general store, and other facilities.</p><br>
<p>In mid-July 1802, partners of the North West Company, the most successful fur trade company in North America, met in their Grand Hall at Grand Portage. They voted to move their summer headquarters from the protected shores of Lake Superior’s Grand Portage Bay 50 mi north to the mouth of the Kaministiquia River. Almost from the time the British Nor’Westers had organized at Grand Portage in the mid-1780s, an emerging United States wanted them to stop competing with Americans in this territory.</p><br>
<p>The July vote meant that the North West Company would tear down its 18 buildings and transport the materials north in company schooners for use in constructing the planned new Fort William, far from USA soil. The buildings were constructed from native squared spruce, pine and birch and were surrounded by more than 2,000 cedar pickets.</p><br>
<p>In 1951 the property was designated as the Grand Portage National Historic Site and opened for visitors. In 1958, it was designated a National Monument. The portage trail has also been separately designated a Minnesota State Historic Site. The monument&#39;s 710 acre lie entirely within the boundaries of Grand Portage Ojibwe Indian Reservation. The depot was reconstructed to allow celebration of the fur trade and Ojibwe lifeways. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1966.</p><br>
<h2>Attractions and events</h2><br>
<p>The portage trail exists in much the same location and condition as in historic times. Visitors can hike 8.5 mi from Lake Superior to the Pigeon River.</p><br>
<p>Volunteers and park staff at the monument dress in period attire. They staff the Kitchen, Canoe Warehouse and Great Hall in and around the Stockade, and explain and interpret what life was like at the trading fort at the turn of the 18th century. During the second weekend of August, the Grand Portage National Monument hosts a rendezvous re-enactment. At the same time, the Grand Portage Ojibwa Indian Reservation holds a pow wow, which attracts many Indians and visitors. The Rendezvous and Pow Wow coincide with the Perseid meteor shower.</p><br>
<h2>Grand Portage National Monument Heritage Center</h2><br>
<p>Opened in 2007, the Grand Portage National Monument Heritage Center features exhibit galleries about Ojibwe culture and the fur trade, a bookstore, multi-media programs, park offices, archives and a classroom. The center is a collaboration between the National Park Service and the Grand Portage Band of Lake Superior Chippewa. It overlooks the reconstructed fur trading post.</p><br>
<h2>Grand Portage</h2><br>
<h3>Voyageur route</h3><br>
<p>This section covers the voyageur route from Grand Portage westward to the juncture of the route from Fort William at Lac La Croix. The Pigeon River is about 3 mi directly north of the reconstructed fort. The Pigeon flows basically east and enters Lake Superior at a bay about 5 mi east northeast. The portage trail meets the Pigeon about 9 mi northwest at the former Fort Charlotte. The portage existed to bypass the river east of Fort Charlotte. From Fort Charlotte the canoe route then went west up the Pigeon past the mouth of the Arrow River to the east-west Mountain Lake. The old Indian route went north, with a drop of 125 ft, to the east-west Arrow Lake. The voyageurs, with their heavy freight canoes, cut a new route that ran west over the Petit Neuf or Watape Portage to Watape Lake which is in the Arrow River drainage. Then through the Petit Detroit to Rove Lake and the Grand Neuf or Long Portage to Rose Lake at the west end of Arrow Lake. From Rose Lake up the Arrow to South Lake. From South Lake north over the 700-yard Height of Land Portage to North Lake whose waters flow west to Lake Winnipeg. From here the route went west down the ? river through several lakes to Lac La Croix where the route from Fort William came in. Lac La Croix is about 100 mi west of Grand Portage and about 66 mi west of Height of Land Portage.</p><br>
<h3>Trail today</h3><br>
<p>The Grand Portage was developed in order to avoid numerous short portages. Beginning at the stockade on Grand Portage Bay of Lake Superior, the 8.5 mi trail leads westward into the wilderness to a mid-point on the Pigeon River, bypassing numerous rapids and a variety of waterfalls. (The most notable are Middle Falls and Pigeon Falls. Both are part of the Grand Portage State Park and are within the Rove Formation. Middle Falls is most easily seen from Pigeon River Provincial Park on the Canadian side of the border.)</p><br>
<p>The portage begins on Lake Superior, elevation 600 ft, rising as it moves westward through two notches in the Sawtooth Mountain range. It briefly levels off around 1,000 ft after 2.6 mi. Another 1.5 mi you reach the inland county highway. From here, the trail is more level, rising to 1,300 ft, the highest location on the trail, before dropping back to 1,260 ft at Fort Charlotte on the Pigeon River. The trail&#39;s high point is the head of a drainage flowing to the Pigeon River at Fort Charlotte. The headwaters has become a large beaver pond. The dam is located along the trail route and has a boardwalk atop it, added for modern visitors.</p><br>
<h2>Archeology</h2><br>
<p>Almost all the information known about the physical layout of Grand Portage National Monument comes from archeological studies.</p><br>
<p>Cooper, David J., Of Sextants and Satellites: David Thompson and the Grand Portage GIS Study CRLS Colloquium, Kenora, Ontario, Canada, 2004.</p><br>
<p>Hamilton, Scott, Graham, James, Norris, Dave, "If These Walls Could Speak:" Using GIS to Explore the Fort at Grand Portage National Monument, Department of Anthropology, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay Ontario, Canada, 2004.</p><br>
<p>Birk, Douglas A., Archeologist/Historian, Grand Portage National Monument Maintenance Area Preliminary Survey, February 2006.</p><br>
<p>Clark, Caven, Ph.D., Late Prehistoric Cultural Affiliation Study, Grand Portage National Monument, Prepared by Archeological Consulting Services, Ltd., Tempe, Arizona, November 9, 1999</p><br>
<p>Woolworth, Alan R., An Historical Study of the Grand Portage, Grand Portage National Monument, Minnesota, Minnesota Historical Society, St. Paul, Minnesota, 1993</p><br>
<p>Woolworth, Alan. Archaeological Excavations at the North West Company&#39;s Depot, Grand Portage, Minnesota in 1970–1971 (1975)</p><br>
<p>Woolworth, Alan. Archaeological Excavations at Grand Portage National Monument: 1963–1964 Field Season (1969)</p><br>
<p>Woolworth, Alan. Archaeological Excavations at Grand Portage National Monument: 1962 Field Season (1968)</p><br>
<p>Woolworth, Alan. Archaeological Excavations at the North West Company&#39;s Fur Trade Post, Grand Portage, Minnesota, in 1936–1937 (1963)</p><br>
<h2>Route west</h2><br>
<p>John McDonell, a clerk for the Northwest Company, identified the routes between Grand Portage and Rainy Lake in the 1790s. Henry Hind in 1860 traced the route and provided more details than provided by McDonell.</p><br>
<h2>Image gallery</h2><br>
<p>Adams National Historical Park, formerly Adams National Historic Site, in Quincy, Massachusetts, preserves the home of Presidents of the United States John Adams and John Quincy Adams, of USA Ambassador to Great Britain, Charles Francis Adams, and of the writers and historians Henry Adams and Brooks Adams.</p><br>
<p>The national historical parks eleven buildings tell the story of five generations of the Adams family (from 1720 to 1927) including Presidents, First Ladies, USA Ministers, historians, writers, and family members who supported and contributed to their success. In addition to Peacefield, home to four generations of the Adams family, the parks main historic features include the John Adams Birthplace (October 30, 1735), the nearby John Quincy Adams Birthplace (July 11, 1767), and the Stone Library (built in 1870 to house the books of John Quincy Adams and believed to be the first presidential library), containing more than 14,000 historic volumes in 12 languages.</p><br>
<p>There is an off-site Visitors Center less than a mile (1.6 km) away. Regularly scheduled tours of the houses are offered in season (April 19 to November 10), by guided tour only, using a tourist trolley provided by the Park Service between sites. Access to United First Parish Church, where the Adamses worshipped and are buried, is provided by the congregation for which they ask a small donation. The church is across the street from the Visitors Center.</p><br>
<h2>John Adams Birthplace</h2><br>
<p>This house is a National Historic Landmark, the birthplace of John Adams. In 1720 it was purchased by Deacon John Adams, Sr., the father of the future second president. The younger Adams lived here until 1764, when he married Abigail Smith. It is a few feet from the John Quincy Adams Birthplace home, where John and Abigail Adams moved.</p><br>
<h2>John Quincy Adams Birthplace</h2><br>
<p>The house where John and Abigail Adams and their family lived during the time he was working on the Declaration of Independence and the Revolutionary War is also the 1767 birthplace of their son, John Quincy Adams. The younger Adams grew up in the home, and he and his family lived in it for a time later in life.</p><br>
<h2>The Old House at Peacefield</h2><br>
<p>The Old House was originally constructed in 1731 for Leonard Vassall, a sugar planter, and was used as his summer house. The house stood empty for some time before it, along with 75 acre, was purchased by Adams on September 23, 1787, for 600 pounds. The Adams family moved in the next year and occupied it until 1927, when it was sold to the Adams Memorial Society. The National Park Service acquired it in 1947, and has been a National Historic Site ever since.</p><br>
<h2>Stone Library</h2><br>
<p>The Stone Library, completed in 1870 on the grounds of Peacefield, houses personal papers and over 14,000 books which belonged to John Adams, John Quincy Adams, Charles Francis Adams, Henry Adams, and Brooks Adams. In his will, John Quincy Adams requested that the library be built out of stone so that it would be fireproof.</p><br>
<p>The Library holds John Adams copy of George Washingtons Farewell Address as well as the Mendi Bible, a bible presented to John Quincy Adams in 1841 by the freed Mendi captives who had mutinied on the schooner La Amistad and who Adams had successfully defended before the United States Supreme Court.</p><br>
<p>Henry Adams wrote his nine volume History of the United States in the library.</p><br>
<h2>United First Parish Church</h2><br>
<p>The church where both Presidents and their First Ladies are entombed in the Adams Crypt has never been administered by the National Park service. It is owned by the active congregation of Unitarian Universalists. In the past ten years, the congregation has used almost $2 million of its own resources to preserve the building.</p><br>
<h2>Administrative history</h2><br>
<p>December 9, 1946 — The Old House at Peacefield was designated the Adams Mansion National Historic Site</p><br>
<p>November 26, 1952 — The site was renamed Adams National Historic Site and an adjoining parcel of land was added.</p><br>
<p>December 19, 1960 — the birthplaces of both presidents were designated National Historic Landmarks.</p><br>
<p>October 15, 1966 — The entire historic site was listed on the National Register of Historic Places (as are all historic areas administered by the National Park Service).</p><br>
<p>December 30, 1970 — The privately owned United First Parish Church was also designated a National Historic Landmark.</p><br>
<p>November 2, 1998 — The historic site was redesignated Adams National Historical Park.</p><br>
<p>The Vanderbilt Mansion National Historic Site is a historic house museum in Hyde Park, New York. It became a National Historic Landmark and started operation under the National Park Service in 1940. The mansion, known as Hyde Park, was the Gilded Age home of Frederick William Vanderbilt and his family from 1895 to 1938.</p><br>
<p>The 54-room Vanderbilt mansion was designed by the architectural firm McKim, Mead & White. Designed and built between 1896 and 1899, the house is an example of the Beaux-Arts architecture style. The interior of the mansion is an archetype of the American Renaissance, incorporating European antiques and intricate period reproductions. The site includes 211 acre of the original larger property, including lawns against the Hudson River, formal gardens, woodlands, and auxiliary buildings. The grounds also include Italian gardens that were restored by the volunteer Frederick W. Vanderbilt Garden Association.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Known as Hyde Park, the Vanderbilt site is one of the areas oldest Hudson River estates. The earliest development of the estate began in 1764 when Dr. John Bard purchased land on the east side of the Albany Post Road, where he built Red House and developed the agricultural aspects of the eastern section of the property that continued through Frederick and Louise Vanderbilts occupancy. Bard family ownership continued through 1821 with his son, Dr. Samuel Bard (1742–1821), owning the property from 1799 to 1821. In 1828, Dr. David Hosack, president of the New York Horticultural Society, purchased the property from Samuel Bards heirs, with André Parmentier helping to design the grounds. In 1840, John Jacob Astor purchased the property from Hosacks heirs for his daughter Dorothea and her husband Walter S. Langdon.</p><br>
<p>Frederick and Louise Vanderbilt purchased Hyde Park in May 1895 from Langdons heirs. Attracted to the Hudson Valley and the land on the east bank of the Hudson River, Frederick and his wife settled into their 600 acre estate. The location offered quick and easy access to New York City on the Vanderbilts own New York Central Railroad. The house was designed and built between 1896–1899, and was primarily used as a vacation home for Frederick Vanderbilt&#39;s family. The previous owners of the estate had made it well known for its grand landscape and array of different plants and trees throughout the property. The New York Times described the Vanderbilt’s estate as "the finest place on the Hudson between New York and Albany."</p><br>
<p>Their niece, Margaret "Daisy" Van Alen, inherited the property when Frederick Vanderbilt died in 1938. Encouraged by President Franklin D. Roosevelt (who owned an estate nearby), Van Alen donated a portion of the estate, including the residence with most of its original furnishings, to the National Park Service in 1940. From 1941 to 1943, Roosevelts Secret Service was housed in the basement and third-floor service areas, and some of the Presidents personal White House staff and friends occasionally stayed in the main bedrooms of the house, including those of Frederick and Louise Vanderbilt.</p><br>
<h2>Mansion</h2><br>
<p>The 54-room mansion is the work of the architectural firm McKim, Mead & White. Charles Follen McKim designed the plan in the Beaux-Arts style and Stanford White assisted as an antiques buyer.</p><br>
<p>The house has a classic Beaux-Arts plan, with the major public rooms on its ground floor – the central Elliptical Hall, Dining Room, and Living Room – all in one line, parallel to the Hudson River. North and South Foyers provide transitional space from the Hall to the Dining Room and Living Room. Five secondary spaces are located off the Elliptical Hall: the Lobby, Den, Gold Room, Grand Stair Hall, and Lavatory. The second floor rooms, comprising Mrs. Vanderbilts suite of Bedroom, Boudoir and Bathroom (designed by Ogden Codman), Mr. Vanderbilts Bedroom and Bathroom, Guest Bedrooms and Baths and the Linen Room, are disposed around the Second Floor Hall and the North and South Foyers. The third floor contains five additional guest bedrooms, and a Servants Hall separated from the guests rooms by a door at the main staircase. Supported by both concrete and steel, the Vanderbilt mansion was considered modern for its time. The mansion also included plumbing and forced hot air central heating and electric lighting which was powered by a hydroelectric plant built on the estate on the Crumb Elbow stream. The Vanderbilt estate had electric lighting before the surrounding area.</p><br>
<p>Herter Brothers and A. H. Davenport and Company were subcontractors who executed McKim&#39;s interior designs. The Vanderbilts also hired Georges Glaenzer and Ogden Codman to decorate several rooms. E.F. Caldwell & Co. manufactured the majority of the lighting.</p><br>
<h2>Gardens</h2><br>
<p>Frederick&#39;s interest in horticulture caused him to develop several large gardens on the Vanderbilt estate. These lavish gardens incorporated the formal Italian style. This meant that the beds were arranged in such a way that if you drew a line across the middle, either horizontally or vertically, one side of the line would mirror the other side. These formal gardens also consisted of multiple tiers, which depended on the type of plants. Each level was different. Frederick himself added the rose garden which contained almost 2000 vintage rose bushes along with other kinds of roses.</p><br>
<p>Sandwip  is an island along the south eastern coast of Bangladesh in the Chittagong District. Also spelled Sandvip, the transliteration of the name would in fact be Shondip. It is part of the sub-district of Sandwip Upazila.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<h2>Etymology</h2><br>
<p>There are several theories to the origin of the name Sandwip (pronounced Shondip) among the locals. Some say that 12 awlia from Baghdad travelling to Chittagong discovered this island in the middle of the ocean and found no people, so they defined it as "Shunno Dip" and which eventually became "Shondip". And another group argues that "Sandwip" is named after Bakhorganj historian Mr. Beverage’s "Shom Dip".some of old people says that "sandwip" was come from sand means (bali),heap(get together of bali)</p><br>
<p>Some scholars have suggested that Portuguese people called it "Sandheep" (Hasan, 1999). Je the Baras marked it as "Sundina" in his map (1550). Candel Broke mentioned it as ‘Sundiva’ in his map (1660). Major Ranel mentioned it as ‘Sundeep’ in his map.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Sandwip Island in Bangladesh has a great historical legacy. The island itself is about 3000 years old and it has been ruled by many different people over the centuries, including Delwar Khan. It was a Portuguese and Arakanese pirate stronghold during the 17th century and even today some of the architecture on the island reflects this part of the island’s history. At that time the Arakanese ruled part of Burma (Myanmar), Chittagong including Sandwip. Sultan Delwar Khan was the appointed Sultan in Sandwip by Arakanese leader at that time. Sultan Delwar Khan was attached in 17th century by Mughal Emperor Awrangojeb. Sultan Delwar Khan was arrested and was taken to prison in current Dhaka. Sultan Delwar died while in prison. However, the governor of Bengal saw fit to put an end to this in 1665 as part of attempts to restore order there. Under British rule its location proved to be a bit of an administrative problem. Today it is well and truly a part of Bangladesh. It is supposed that Sandwip was connected with Chittagong original land and disconnected by natural disasters.Tansi reported on Lower Gangas (150) in which he included Sandwip. Sandwip is mentioned at The Baros Map (1560). Cesar Fredarich visited in Sandwip in 1565 and noted it as old island. Parcuch described 300-year-old mosque in this area (1620). Sanchan the Abevel mentioned Sandwip in his drawing map and he also mentioned Vulua, Bengal, Chattagram and Dhaka with it. Sri Rajkumar Chakrabarty mentioned in his History of Sandwip about 400 or 500 years old plants (1923). It is also found in The Anvel Curt’s drawing map (1752).</p><br>
<h3>Agriculture</h3><br>
<p>Agriculture is the main occupation of many people on the island. They cultivate paddy, jute, potato, betel leaf, betel nut, sugarcane, radish, tomato, brinjal, cauliflower, sweet potato, carrot, etc. They cultivate fruit including water melon, mango, jackfruit, banana, papaya, guava, kul, and date.</p><br>
<h2>Ecology</h2><br>
<h2>Natural Disaster</h2><br>
<p>In the years 1825, 1876, 1985, 1991 Sandwip was affected by devastating cyclones & tornadoes. On 29 April 1991, the most damaging storm affected the island. The death toll was about 40,000, and 80% of the houses in Sandwip were destroyed. The velocity of the cyclone was 225 km/h.</p><br>
<h2>Famous Person</h2><br>
<p>Muzaffar Ahmed (politician) - Bengali politician, journalist and communist activist, popularly known as "Kakababu".</p><br>
<p>Belal Muhammad- One of the founders of the Swadhin Bangla Betar Kendra.</p><br>
<p>Abdul Hakim (poet)- A poet in medieval Bengal. He wrote several epics verses in Bengali and also translated some from Persian manuscript.</p><br>
<p>Dheki at Sandwip.jpgDheki (husking pedal) once was very common in houses of Sandwip</p><br>
<p>Lake Suwa is a lake in the Kiso Mountains, in the central region of Nagano Prefecture, Japan.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The lake is the source of the Tenryū River. It ranks 24th in lake water surface area in Japan.</p><br>
<p>The cities of Suwa and Okaya, and town of Shimosuwa, are located on the shores of Lake Suwa.</p><br>
<h3>Features</h3><br>
<p>Lake Suwa is the site of an interesting natural phenomenon, the "Gods Crossing". The lake has a natural hot spring under its surface. When the lakes surface freezes in the winter, its lower waters are still circulating. This results in ice pressure ridges forming in the surface ice, reaching heights of 30 cm or more.</p><br>
<p>Local Shinto tradition holds that the ridges are formed by the gods crossing the lake, when travelling between the various buildings of the Suwa Grand Shrine. Folklore says it is the guardian god of Suwa, Takeminakata-no-kami, leaving his sanctuary to meet with his wife, the goddess Yasakatome, joining the opposite bank by walking on frozen water.</p><br>
<h2>Natural history</h2><br>
<p>Research on ice breakup on the lake and at the mouth of the Torne River in Finland suggested "global processes including climate change and variability are driving the long-term changes in ice seasonality."</p><br>
<h2>In popular culture</h2><br>
<p>In the movie Kagemusha by Akira Kurosawa, Lord Shingen is buried in the lake.</p><br>
<p>In Autobiography of a Geisha, Sayo Masuda tries to drown herself in the lake as a child, but hesitates because she believes a dragon inhabits it.</p><br>
<p>In the anime Rurouni Kenshin, legend holds of an "Elixir of Immortality" that can be found somewhere in or around Lake Suwa. The main characters search for the elixir in the final season of the series and are followed by a band of evil German knights, seeking it for world domination.</p><br>
<p>In the anime film Kimi no Na wa by Makoto Shinkai the lake and scenery of Itomori town which is home to the heroine Miyamizu Mitsuha was modeled after this lake.</p><br>
<p>The anime Blood-C takes place in a rural town located on the shore of the lake.</p><br>
<p>Spaatz Island is a large ice-covered island of Antarctica. It lies south west of Alexander Island and west of the base of the Antarctic Peninsula, close to the coast of Palmer Land, 30 mi east of Smyley Island. It is 80 km long and 40 km wide, and covers an area of around 4,100 km².</p><br>
<p>The north side of the island forms a portion of the south margin of Ronne Entrance; the remainder of the island is surrounded by the ice shelves of Stange Sound and George VI Sound. Finn Ronne and Carl Eklund of the US Antarctic Service (USAS) (1939–41) sledged along the north side of this feature in December 1940. It was photographed from the air and first mapped as an island by the Ronne Antarctic Research Expedition (RARE) (1947–48) under Finn Ronne. It was named by Ronne for Gen. Carl Spaatz, Chief of Staff, USAAF, who gave assistance in providing an airplane for use of RARE.</p><br>
<p>Sharp Haw is a hill on the southern edge of the Yorkshire Dales, located just within the National Park. Being the last outpost of the hills before the broad Aire valley, and with a sharp summit from many angles, it is prominent and easily recognisable from much of the area to the south. The hill has an elevation of 357 m.</p><br>
<p>From the summit there are views over the Aire valley, to Gargrave, Skipton and the Leeds and Liverpool Canal, to the east into Wharfedale and to the north into Malhamdale.</p><br>
<p>Although Ordnance Survey maps do not show a path to the summit, there is a path from the public bridleway to the north: both are clear on the ground, and popular with cyclists.</p><br>
<p>The word Haw comes from the Old English hawian, and means view.</p><br>
<p>Paramushir  to the southwest, from Atlasov in the northwest by 20 km, and from Onnekotan in the south by the 40 km wide Fourth Kuril Strait. Its northern tip is 39 km from Cape Lopatka at the southern tip of the Kamchatka Peninsula. Its name is derived from the Ainu language, from “broad island” or “populous island”. Severo-Kurilsk, the administrative center of the Severo-Kurilsky district, is the only permanently populated settlement on Paramushir island.</p><br>
<h2>Geography and geology</h2><br>
<p>Paramushir is roughly rectangular, and is the second largest of the Kuril Islands with an area of 2,053 km&sup2;.</p><br>
<p>Geologically, Paramushir is a continuous chain of 23 volcanoes. At least five of them are active, and exceed 1,000 m:</p><br>
<p>Chikurachki, (влк.Чикурачки, 千倉岳; Chikura-dake) with a height of 1,816 m is the highest peak on Paramushir and the third highest in the Kuril Islands. It has erupted in 1690, 1853, 1859, 1933 and several times between 1957–2008. During the most recent eruption in August 2008, the volcanic ash reached the town of Severo-Kurilsk located 60 km north-east. The previous eruption took place on March 4, 2007, when a 1.5 km high plume of ash was emitted that trailed for several hundred kilometers into the neighboring waters.</p><br>
<p>Fuss Peak, (влк.Фусса, 後鏃岳; Shiriyajiri-dake) with a height of 1,772 m is a conical stratovolcano. It has erupted in 1742, 1854 and 1934.</p><br>
<p>Lomonosov Group, (влк.Ломоносова, 冠岳; Kanmuridake) with a height of 1,681 m is part of the Chikurachki group.</p><br>
<p>Karpinsky Group, (влк.Карпинского, 白煙山; Shirokemuri-yama) with a height of 1,345 m has erupted in 1957.</p><br>
<p>Ebeko, (влк.Эбеко, 千島硫黄山; Chishima Iōyama) with a height of 1,345 m has erupted numerous times, most recently in 1990. The central crater of Ebeko is filled by a caldera lake about 20 m deep.</p><br>
<h2>Climate and flora and fauna</h2><br>
<p>Paramushir has a sub-arctic climate strongly modulated by the cooling effects of the North Pacific Oyashio Current. The arboreal flora of Paramushir is consequently limited to dense, stunted copses of Siberian dwarf pine and shrubby alder. The alpine tundra which dominates the landscape produces plentiful edible mushrooms and berries, especially lingonberry, Arctic raspberry, whortleberry and crowberry. Red fox, Arctic hare and ermine are notably abundant and hunted by the inhabitants. The island also supports a population of brown bears. In the spring crested auklet nest on the island. The straits between Paramushir and Shumshu island support a notably dense population of sea otters; harbor seals are also common. North Pacific right whales, one of the rarest and the most endangered whale species are known to appear in the surrounding waters.Myakisheva A.</p><br>
<p>2017.. instapu.com. Retrieved on September 26, 2017</p><br>
<p>Several species of charr and Pacific salmon spawn in its rivers, notably in the Tukharka river, which at 20 km is the longest river on the island.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Paramushir was inhabited by the Ainu at the time of European contact. The island appears on an official map showing the territories of Matsumae Domain, a feudal domain of Edo period Japan dated 1644. Russian fur traders are known to have visited the island in 1711 and 1713, and Russian Orthodox missionaries established a church in 1747 to convert the local inhabitants. Subsequently, claimed by the Empire of Russia, sovereignty over the island was initially confirmed to be under Imperial Russia under the terms of the Treaty of Shimoda in 1855, but was transferred to the Empire of Japan per the Treaty of Saint Petersburg along with the rest of the Kuril Islands. The Japanese established a settlement, Kashiwabara, on the site of the largest Ainu village, which became the major port on the island, and a center for the commercial fishing industry. The island was administered as part of Shimushu District of Nemuro Subprefecture of Hokkaidō.</p><br>
<p>During World War II the island was strongly garrisoned by both the Imperial Japanese Army and Imperial Japanese Navy. The headquarters of the IJA 91st Infantry Division, responsible for defense of the northern Kurils, was established at Kashiwabara, and numerous coastal artillery positions and fortified bunkers were constructed in various locations around the island. In addition, the Imperial Japanese Army constructed four airfields: Kashiwabara Airfield in the northeast with Ki-43 Oscars, Kakumabestu Airfield on the southwest coast with a 3,800 ft runway and Ki-44 Tojos, Kitanodai Airfield on the northeast coast with a 4,000 ft runway, and Suribachi Airfield, an auxiliary base in the center of the south coast with two runways. The Imperial Japanese Navy had Musashi Airfield on the south-western tip of the island with two 4,000 ft runways, one 4,300 ft and another 4,200 ft, operating a variety of aircraft as well as a radar site. These bases were subject to sporadic air raids from the US Army Air Forces and US Navy based in the Aleutian Islands from 1943 until the end of the war.</p><br>
<p>Soviet troops landed on Paramushir on August 18, 1945, during the Invasion of the Kuril Islands, and combat operations continued through August 23, ending with the surrender of the surviving members of the Japanese garrison. The Soviets forcibly deported the remaining Japanese civilian inhabitants and sent the prisoners of war to labor camps. Kashiwabara was renamed Severo-Kurilsk and the island annexed by the Soviet Union in 1946. Japan formally gave up sovereignty over the island under the terms of the San Francisco Peace Treaty of 1951.</p><br>
<p>In November 1952, Severo-Kurilsk was destroyed by the 1952 Severo-Kurilsk tsunami and was rebuilt in another location. Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1990, the population of the island has decreased (2592 in 2002 census, 5180 in the 1989 census), and villages that once lined the coast are now ghost towns. This is due in part to the crash of the formerly lucrative herring fishery, to the extremely destructive tsunami of 1952, and general economic hardships in the more remote reaches of Russia since the fall of the Soviet Union. The island is now administered as part of the Sakhalin Oblast of the Russian Federation.</p><br>
<p>Great Whernside is a fell in the Yorkshire Dales, England, not to be confused with Whernside, some 27 km to the west. Its summit is the highest point of the eastern flank of Wharfedale above Kettlewell. Great Whernside forms the watershed between Wharfedale and Nidderdale, and is on the boundary between the Yorkshire Dales National Park and Nidderdale Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty. The River Nidd rises on the eastern slopes of Great Whernside, above Angram Reservoir.</p><br>
<h2>Name</h2><br>
<p>The name Whernside means "hillside where millstones were got" (quern meaning "millstone"). The upper part of the hill is composed of millstone grit, and there were once quarries on the Wharfedale side. According to one source the name was originally applied to the hillside on the Wharfedale side, and then extended to the whole hill as seen from Wharfedale. The hill as seen from Nidderdale was known as Blackfell. The addition of Great was first recorded in 1771, apparently to distinguish the hill from Little Whernside.</p><br>
<h2>Access</h2><br>
<p>Until 1997 no public right of way was established to the summit of Great Whernside. In that year two public footpaths were registered, one from Kettlewell in Wharfedale to the summit and one along the summit ridge. Following the Countryside and Rights of Way Act 2000 large parts of the fell became open access land. Great Whernside can be ascended from Kettlewell, or by a shorter route from Park Rash Pass on the minor road from Kettlewell to Coverdale. It can also be ascended by a longer, less popular, route from Scar House Reservoir. Routes from the East are often boggy even after prolonged dry weather.</p><br>
<h2>Surroundings</h2><br>
<p>Little Whernside, 2.5 mi northeast of Great Whernside, forms the watershed between Coverdale and Nidderdale.</p><br>
<p>Hag Dyke, halfway between Kettlewell and the summit, is a hostel run by 1st Ben Rhydding Scout Group in Ilkley.</p><br>
<p>The fell is the site of several aircraft crashes.</p><br>
<p>Tor Dike (situated on the north western flank) is an earthwork with ditch and rampart constructed in the limestone. It appears to have been built either by Iron Age tribes, perhaps in the 1st century AD, to protect themselves from the invading Romans, or in the Dark Ages.</p><br>
<p>Mount Vulture  is an extinct volcano located 56 km north of the city Potenza in the Basilicata region . As a prominent landmark it gave its name to the Vulture region, the most significant viticultural zone in Basilicata growing the DOC wine Aglianico del Vulture.</p><br>
<p>With a height of 1,326 m, it is unique amongst large Italian volcanoes due to its location east of the Apennine mountain range. At the summit is a caldera, known as Valle dei Grigi, whose precise origins are disputed.</p><br>
<h2>Volcanic history</h2><br>
<p>The earliest eruptions of the volcano occurred around one million years ago, explosive activity producing ignimbrite. The explosive eruption phase finished around 830,000 years before present, when the nature of the activity changed to a mix of pyroclastic and effusive, lava eruptions which built up the mountain and which have been dated to around 500,000 years ago. One of the explanations advanced for the Valle dei Grigi is that it is the result of the collapse of a sector of the mountain, as occurred during the 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens and the 1792 eruption of Mount Unzen.</p><br>
<p>The most recent phase involved further lava flows and the growth of lava domes in the Valle dei Grigi, including the formation of two calderas. The most recent activity is thought to have been phreatomagmatic explosions around 40 ka ago which produced maars and small cold surges.</p><br>
<p>Thorpe Fell Top is the top of the hill of Burnsall and Thorpe Fell in the Yorkshire Dales, itself forming part of a larger wedge of ground between Wharfedale and Skipton.</p><br>
<p>The summit of this grouse moor is 506 metres above sea level and topped with a trig point. It was listed in Alan Dawson&#39;s "The Relative Hills of Britain" as a Marilyn. However, a number of recent observations and measurements suggest that the base of the war memorial at the top of Cracoe Fell some 1.7 km to the south-west, is probably higher, perhaps as high as 510 metres.</p><br>
<p>Thorpe Fell Top is probably most easily visited from either Thorpe or Burnsall. The track and path marked on Ordnance Survey maps to the north and west of the summit continues all the way to the top of Cracoe Fell. The latter can also be reached along Fell Lane from the village of Cracoe.</p><br>
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<p>Lake Maurepas is located in southeastern Louisiana approximately halfway between New Orleans and Baton Rouge directly west of Lake Pontchartrain.</p><br>
<h2>Namesake</h2><br>
<p>Lake Maurepas was named for Jean-Frédéric Phélypeaux, Count of Maurepas, an eighteenth-century French statesman, chief adviser to King Louis XVI. Jean-Frédéric was the son of Louis Phélypeaux, comte de Pontchartrain for whom Lake Pontchartrain is named.</p><br>
<h2>Characteristics</h2><br>
<p>Lake Maurepas is a round-shaped, shallow, brackish tidal estuarine system. It is approximately 240 km. in area and has a mean depth of about 3.0 meters. The lake receives freshwater input through four river systems: Blind River, Amite River, Tickfaw River, and the Natalbany River. The average freshwater input to Lake Maurepas from these rivers and other minor terrestrial sources is less than 3,400 cubic feet per second (CWPPRA Environmental Workgroup, 2001). At the northeast, Lake Maurepas is connected to Lake Pontchartrain by Pass Manchac (comprising South Pass and the smaller North Pass). The land between these two passes forms Jones Island and the passes converge on the eastern side of the island into one unified Pass Manchac. Tidal exchange with Lake Pontchartrain through Pass Manchac is a more significant influence on Lake Maurepas’s volumetric and elevation characteristics than tributary freshwater discharge. The mean astronomical tide in Lake Maurepas is approximately 0.15 m (0.5 ft); however, greater tidal amplitudes are associated with meteorological events (i.e., winds) that influence both Lake Pontchartrain and Lake Maurepas. This results in interesting patterns of tidal exchange and, presumably, in situ mixing on weekly and fortnightly time scales. The lake’s salinity is directly influenced by exchange with Lake Pontchartrain. Salinities in Lake Maurepas have been observed to range between 0 and 3 parts per thousand (Day et al., 2004). Typically, salinities are higher along the eastern shore, near Pass Manchac. Due to Lake Maurepas’s shallow depths, even relatively low energy wave action results in sediment resuspension and, therefore, relatively high turbidities and low transparencies which influence the degree to which primary production can occur in the water column and benthos.</p><br>
<h2>Maurepas Swamp WMA</h2><br>
<p>The Maurepas Swamp Wildlife Management Area (WMA) is located approximately 25 miles northwest of New Orleans, along the south shore as well as south of Lake Maurepas, that is north of LaPlace and extends towards Sorrento. Initially the Richard King Mellon Foundation donated 61,633 acres to the Louisiana Department of Wildlife and Fisheries (LDWF) for the Maurepas Swamp WMA. Subsequent acquisitions and donations brought the total to 122,098 acres. The swamp would benefit from "cooperative freshwater reintroduction projects designed to revive the swamp and improved control of invasive plant species that have overtaken much of this important and scenic swamp.".</p><br>
<p>The Vale of Tempe  is a gorge in the Tempi municipality of northern Thessaly, Greece, located between Olympus to the north and Ossa to the south. The valley is 10 kilometers long and as narrow as 25 meters in places, with cliffs nearly 500 meters high, and through it flows the Pineios River on its way to the Aegean Sea. In ancient times, it was celebrated by Greek poets as a favorite haunt of Apollo and the Muses. On the right bank of the Pineios sat a temple to Apollo, near which the laurels used to crown the victorious in the Pythian Games were gathered.</p><br>
<p>The Tempe Pass is a strategic pass in Greece since it is the main route from Larisa through the mountains to the coast. Though it can be bypassed via the Sarantoporo Pass, the alternate route takes longer. Because of this it has been the scene of numerous battles throughout history. In 480 BC, 10,000 Athenians and Spartans gathered at Tempe to stop Xerxes&#39;s invasion. However, once there, they were warned by Alexander I of Macedon that the vale could be bypassed and that the army of Xerxes was overwhelmingly large; accordingly, the Greeks retreated.</p><br>
<h2>Local history and legend</h2><br>
<p>The Vale of Tempe was home for a time to Aristaeus, son of Apollo and Cyrene, and it was here that he chased Eurydice, wife of Orpheus, who, in her flight, was bitten by a serpent and died. In the thirteenth century AD a church dedicated to Aghia (Saint) Paraskevi was erected in the valley.</p><br>
<p>During the Third Macedonian War in 169 BC the Romans broke through Perseus of Macedon&#39;s defences here and later defeated him in the Battle of Pydna. During the revolution of Andriskos in 148 BC the valley was the site of another conflict. There were other battles fought there during the barbarian raids that mark the end of the Roman era in Greece and in Byzantine and Ottoman times.</p><br>
<h3>Lemprière</h3><br>
<p>John Lemprière in his Classical Dictionary gives this description:</p><br>
<p>Tempe, (plur.) a valley in Thessaly, between mount Olympus at the north, and Ossa at the south, through which the river Peneus flows into the Ægean. The poets have described it as the most delightful spot on the earth, with continual cooling shades, and verdant walks, which the warbling of birds rendered more pleasant and romantic, and which the gods often honored with their presence. Tempe extended about five miles in length but varied in the dimensions of its breadth so as to be in some places scarce one acre and a half wide. All vallies that are pleasant, either for their situation or the mildness of their climate, are called Tempe by the poets.</p><br>
<h3>Recent history</h3><br>
<p>Tempe has become notorious for the poor condition of the road passing through it and for horrible accidents that have happened there. On October 4, 1999 a bus carried some PAOK fans who returned from a match in Athens crashed with a truck, coming from the opposite direction. The result was 7 deaths, 6 PAOK fans and the bus driver.</p><br>
<p>The most severe happened in 2003: an entire 11th grade class of 21 students from the village of Makrochori (Prefecture of Imathia) perished when a truck carrying plywood, coming from the opposite direction, hit their bus on its side. Although the driver was able to reduce the truck&#39;s velocity in just a few seconds, sideways momentum was conserved by the plywood which detached from the vehicle and sliced into the left side of the coach, instantly killing many of the passengers.</p><br>
<p>On December 16, 2009, a small rockfall occurred. No damage or injury occurred. The road was subsequently closed, and during the inspection the next day a massive rockslide occurred, killing one person. The road remained closed until May 2010 while rocks were scaled off the cliff faces above the road, and rockfall protection fences were built.</p><br>
<p>The US city of Tempe, Arizona, and the Sydney suburb of Tempe are two locations named after it, as is a farm in the Eastern Cape of South Africa, with nearby farms named Olympus and Ossa. The Vale of Tempe Road tracing a small valley in Penang, Malaysia, and Tempe Terra on Mars are also named after it.</p><br>
<h2>In literature</h2><br>
<p>Catullus refers to Tempe in Catullus 64 lines 285-286.</p><br>
<p>Horace refers to Tempe in Ode I.7.</p><br>
<p>Virgil refers to Tempe in Georgics 4.317.</p><br>
<p>Ovid refers to Tempe in Metamorphoses I.568 et seq. in an ekphrasis loci.</p><br>
<p>Strabo refers to Tempe in his Geographica, Book 9.</p><br>
<p>Edmund Spenser refers to Tempe in The Fairie Queene in Book 2, Canto XII, stanza lii.</p><br>
<p>Philip Sidney refers to Tempe in "Astrophel and Stella" in sonnet 74.</p><br>
<p>Percy Shelley refers to Tempe in Hymn Of Pan.</p><br>
<p>John Keats refers to Tempe in Ode on a Grecian Urn.</p><br>
<p>Ruskin refers to Tempe in his open letters concerning the railway.</p><br>
<p>Thomas Hardy refers to Vale of Tempe in The Return of the Native p. 3</p><br>
<p>Herman Melville refers to Tempe in "On the Slain Collegians"</p><br>
<p>Francis Thompson refers to Tempe in "Pastoral".</p><br>
<p>Virginia Woolf, in Chapter Two of Orlando, writes that Orlando preferred "now the vales of Tempe; then the fields of Kent or Cornwall."</p><br>
<p>Emerson references Tempe in his essay Nature.</p><br>
<p>Wailua Falls is a 173 foot waterfall located near Lihue  that feeds into the Wailua River. The waterfall is prominently featured on the opening credits of the television series Fantasy Island.</p><br>
<p>There are paths to the bottom of the falls, but it can be muddy and slippery. The "trail" further from the parking lot is less steep than the closer one. In ancient times, Hawaiian men would jump from the top of the falls to prove their manhood. Some people still leap off the top of the falls, though it is dangerous and illegal. In 2016, a man jumped from the falls and was knocked unconscious but narrowly avoided death when someone swam out into the pool to save him. The pool is great for swimming, but there are swift currents close to the waterfall. There is another waterfall nearby named Opaekaa Falls.</p><br>
<p>Mundaú Lagoon is an estuarine lagoon situated west of Maceió, capital city of Alagoas state, in Brazil. Its total area is 23 km². The lake receives the Mundaú River, and is connected to the Atlantic Ocean and Manguaba Lagoon by a network of canals which cross the plain forming a lot of little islands. The large mangrove and the numerous kind of fish, crabs, shrimps and shellfish are its remarkable characteristics. Mundaú Lagoon is the northernmost of several coastal lakes with the same features, including Manguaba, Roteiro and Jequiá lagoons.</p><br>
<p>Besides Maceió, two other municipalities are located on its edge, the little towns of Santa Luzia do Norte and Coqueiro Seco.</p><br>
<p>Despite its astonishing natural beauty, the Mundaú Lagoon suffers with pollution problems, mainly due to urban sewage dispensing along its shore close to downtown Maceió. This compromises the communities who makes a living from the fishing on the lagoon. Unfortunately, this is not the only pollution problem surrounding Maceió. The Riacho Salgadinho is also the destination for most of the sewage system in Maceió downtown. In the past years, several politicians have made promises of putting sewage treatment stations to alleviate the problems caused by the pollution during the rainy season, but virtually no progress has been made.</p><br>
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<p>Dnieper–Bug Canal , or the Dneprovsko-Bugsky Canal is the longest inland ship canal in Belarus that connects the Mukhavets River, a tributary of the Bug River, and the Pina River, a tributary of the Pripyat River.</p><br>
<p>Originally the canal was named the Royal Canal (Kanał Królewski), after the King of Poland Stanisław August Poniatowski, since he was the initiator of the project. It is an important part of the transportation artery linking the Baltic Sea and the Black Sea. The total length of the canal system from Brest to Pinsk is 196 km (122 mi), including the artificial waterway 105 km (65 mi) long. The canal system comprises the western slope from Brest to Kobrin, a 64 km (40 mi) stretch of the Mukhavets River with regulated water level, a 58 km (36 mi) summit pound, the eastern slope, 47 km (29 mi) stretch of the canal, a 27 km (17 mi) stretch of the Pina River with regulated water level. The drainage area of the canal system totals 8.5 thousand km² (3.3 thousand mi²).</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Origins</h3><br>
<p>Canal building flourished in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in the late 18th century. Yet many of the early canals are no longer in active service, having been superseded by railroads and highways. The Dnieper–Bug Canal after several enlargements is still providing a convenient inland waterway. Till the 18th century there was a portage between Kobrin and Pinsk as it was a part of the important long-distance trade route from the Black Sea to the Baltic Sea. The names of the Voloka River and the village of Mukhovloki near Kobrin remind of the ancient portage. People settled along the portage route since ancient times (Trade route from the Varangians to the Greeks).</p><br>
<h3>Proposal and design</h3><br>
<p>In the mid-17th century, Jerzy Ossoliński, Crown Court Treasurer of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth was the first to suggest the idea of upgrading the portage to a canal with locks. Yet the work started only 120 years later. In 1770, the canal was planned by the prominent cartographer Franciszek Florian Czaki.</p><br>
<h3>Construction and operation</h3><br>
<p>It was built in 1775-1784 during the reign of Stanisław August Poniatowski, the last king of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Originally it was named Kanał Królewski (Royal Canal), after the Polish king, since he was the initiator of the project. Additional work was carried out starting in 1837 by Russian Empire and completed around 1846-1848. To supply the canal system with water, mainly the canal pound, Beloozerski and Orekhovski watercourses were started in 1839 and completed in 1843.The number of movable weirs between Brest and Pinsk reached 22. As a result, the canal became navigable for bigger vessels, steamers at any time from spring till autumn. In 1847, the Kanał Królewski was renamed into the Dneprovo-Bugski Canal.</p><br>
<h3>Decline and abandonment</h3><br>
<p>After the construction of the railway along the canal in the late 19th century the canal was used mostly for rafting lumber, exported to western countries. During World War 1 the canal was not in use.</p><br>
<h3>Reconstruction</h3><br>
<p>During the 1920s it was partly rebuilt anew for the Riverine Flotilla of the Polish Navy (Flotylla Rzeczna Marynarki Wojennej), better known as the Pinsk Flotilla. The Flotilla was the inland branch of the Polish Navy operating in the area of the Pinsk Marshes between the Polish-Bolshevik War and World War II. During the 1920s 2 locks were built.</p><br>
<p>In 1940, the Soviet authorities initiated a large-scale reconstruction of the canal. A 23 km (14 mi) long stretch of the canal was built near Kobrin to straighten the old canal. 8 locks were built replacing movable weirs.</p><br>
<p>Navigation on the Dnieper–Bug Canal is interrupted by weirs on the rivers Mukhavets and Bug near Brest, Belarus, the border town. That is the only place that makes impossible, for the time being, the navigation from Western Europe to Belarus and Ukraine through inland waterways. The waterways from the German-Polish border (Oder River, through the Warta, Brda and Noteć rivers, Bydgoszcz Canal, Vistula River, Narew River, Bug River) once used to link the Belarus and Ukrainian inland waterways via Mukhavets River, Dnieper–Bug Canal, Pripyat River and Dnieper River), thus connecting north-western Europe with the Black Sea.</p><br>
<h3>Decline and renewal</h3><br>
<p>Recently the dam in the Bug, making it impossible for ships to pass, has led to a considerable neglect of the most western part of the Mukhavets; some of the locks have been filled in and Brest Harbor can only be reached by vessels approaching from the east.</p><br>
<p>More recently efforts have been undertaken to restore the canal to a class IV inland waterway of international importance. In 2003 the Government of the Republic of Belarus adopted the inland water transport and sea transport development program to rebuild the Dnieper–Bug Canal shipping locks to meet the standards of a class Va European waterway. According to the Belarus government (see report below), four sluice dams and one shipping lock have been rebuilt which allow for the passage of vessels 110 meters (361 ft) long, 12 meters (39 ft) wide with a draught of 2.2 meters (7 ft). It is expected that reconstruction will continue over the next few years.</p><br>
<h2>Footnotes</h2><br>
<p>Farmoor Reservoir is a reservoir at Farmoor, Oxfordshire, England, about 5 miles  outside the city of Oxford. It is close to the left bank of the River Thames. Like most of the reservoirs in the Thames Valley, it was not formed by damming a valley. In this case the banks were raised above the local ground level using material excavated from within the bowl of the reservoir.</p><br>
<p>The reservoir is split into Stage 1 (completed 1967, 4,544 million litres) and Stage 2 (completed 1976, 9,298 million litres). Among other locations, Farmoor supplies the large town of Swindon, some 25 miles (40 km) to the southwest. The reservoir is filled from the River Thames.</p><br>
<p>The reservoir is used for sports: fishing (especially fly-fishing for rainbow and brown trout), dinghy sailing and windsurfing. Oxford Sailing Club and the Oxford and District School Sailing Association are based there. There is also access for bird watching and walking.</p><br>
<h2>Birds of Farmoor Reservoir</h2><br>
<p>Eurasian coot (fulica atra).jpgEurasian coot</p><br>
<p>The Togian  Islands are an archipelago of 56 islands and islets, in the Gulf of Tomini, off the coast of Central Sulawesi, in Indonesia. The three largest islands are Batudaka, Togean, and Talakatoh. There are 37 villages on the islands, with one settled by the Bajau people, more commonly known as the sea gypsies.</p><br>
<h2>Geology and ecology</h2><br>
<p>Formed by volcanic activity, the islands are covered by rainforest and surrounded by coral reef formations, which provide habitat and breeding areas for hawksbill turtle, green turtle and the dugong. The Tonkean macaque is found in the islands&#39; forests. The Togian hawk-owl, discovered in 1999, is endemic to the islands. The Togian white-eye, another endemic bird species, was described in 2008. Non-venomous jellyfish are also found in Togian Islands, the unique one is jellyfish with red little spots.</p><br>
<h2>National Park</h2><br>
<p>On 2004, the government established a part of Togean Islands as a National Park consists of 292,000 hectares of sea water (includes 132,000 hectares of coral reef which is the largest in Indonesia), 70,000 hectares of land and 10,659 hectares reservation of forests and mangroves.</p><br>
<p>Binsey is a hill on the northern edge of the Lake District in Cumbria, England. It is detached from the rest of the Lakeland hills, and thus provides a good spot to look out at the Northern and North Western Fells of the Lake District, as well as the coastal plain and, across the Solway Firth, Scotland. Snaefell on The Isle of Man is also visible on a clear day. It is the northernmost of the Wainwrights.</p><br>
<h2>Topography</h2><br>
<p>Binsey stands on the otherwise low-level watershed separating the catchments of the Ellen to the north and the Derwent to the south. A slight ridge connects it to Great Cockup in the main massif of the Northern Fells, two miles to the south east. Binsey itself has a rounded form, but somehow manages to impress the eye more than the similar Great Mell Fell and Little Mell Fell.</p><br>
<p>The ‘pudding basin’ shape holds all around Binsey except to the north west where a ridge descends over Whitas Park to a depression containing the remains of a Roman fort. Beyond is St John&#39;s Hill (950 ft / 290 m) (called Caermote Hill in Wainwright’s Outlying Fells) which is topped by an earthwork called ‘The Battery’. Finally the ridge descends to the village of Bothel in the Ellen Valley.</p><br>
<p>Binsey sends out a further spur to the east, culminating in the shapely top of Latrigg (1,030 ft)— not to be confused with Latrigg near Keswick. Beneath Latrigg is Over Water, a large tarn which was raised by damming in 1920 to provide drinking water for Wigton. The ouflow of Over Water feeds the Ellen, as does the gloriously named Humble Jumble Gill which drains Binsey&#39;s northern flank.</p><br>
<p>The hill is largely grass and heather, with only one significant outcrop of rock, West Crag. Flanking the eastern slopes of the fell is a thin belt of mixed woodland and a further plantation sits below West Crag.</p><br>
<h2>Summit</h2><br>
<p>The summit is crowned by a tumulus whose stones have been raided to produce several small circular wind-shelters. There is also a modern cairn atop the tumulus and a trig point.</p><br>
<p>Regarding the view, Wainwright stated: ‘…it is a most excellent station for appraising the Northern Fells as a preliminary to their exploration…it is a viewpoint of outstanding merit.’ Far to the south the Coniston Fells can be seen, almost 25 miles (40 km) away, while to the north the Solway Firth and the hills of Scotland are visible.</p><br>
<p>A computer-generated summit panorama can be seen here. The furthest point visible on a clear day is the top of Slieve Donard in Mourne, 115 miles (185 km) away.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>The hill is formed from volcanic rocks, namely various sub-units of the Eycott Volcanic Group, which consists of basaltic andesite, andesite and rhyolitic lavas. There are several small disused quarries to the east and north.</p><br>
<h2>Ascents</h2><br>
<p>The hill can be climbed by several routes, perhaps most simply beginning in the south-east (Parking on the road between Binsey Lodge and Fell Side Farm), following a track to the summit. An alternative is along a lane from the A591 road, just north of Bewaldeth. From the top of the lane a loop to the left and behind a disused pit will enable the track across the summit to be picked up. Wainwright also lists a further route from High Ireby.</p><br>
<p>Clearwell Caves, at Clearwell in the Forest of Dean, Gloucestershire, England, is a natural cave system which has been extensively mined for iron ore. It now operates primarily as a mining museum. The caves are part of a Natural England designated Site of Special Scientific Interest and the notification includes parts of Clearwell along with Old Bow, Lambsquay and Old Ham mine complexes.</p><br>
<h2>Mining</h2><br>
<p>The caves were formed by underground streams from around 180 million years ago. They have been mined for iron ore from Iron Age times Circa 100BC increasing from Roman times and extensively in the last century, which considerably enlarged and extended the network of natural caverns. Ochre has been mined here for even longer.</p><br>
<p>The nearby scowles at the Secret Forest and Puzzlewood represent similar shallow mines which have been exposed from above.</p><br>
<p>The mine is still worked intermittently to produce coloured ochres for use as natural pigments. These are washed and milled for sale in the mine&#39;s own shop. A range of ochre colours are available, from golden yellow to English Reds. Clearwell is also known as one of the few locations where the rare purple ochre may be found.</p><br>
<p>Nine chambers are easily accessible from ground level, and represent the earliest workings of the mine. A network of much deeper chambers can be visited in the presence of a guide and with appropriate caving equipment for safety. The upper caves are open to the public.</p><br>
<h2>Recreational use</h2><br>
<p>The caves have been used as a Santas Grotto at Christmas time for many years, for easter egg hunts and in the summer barbecues, concerts and theatrical performances have been hosted in the upper caves. One chamber is large and well-ventilated enough to permit underground functions. Parts of the Doctor Who episodes "The Christmas Invasion" (2005), "The Satan Pit" (2006) and "Time of Angels" / "Flesh and Stone" (2010) were filmed in the caves. All the underground scenes of the BBC series "Merlin", were filmed in the Caves. The Caves and nearby quarry at Clearwell have also long been used for filming science fiction scenes, such as in Blakes 7. The caves featured substantially in the children&#39;s series "The Changes" and "The Jensen Code" among many others.</p><br>
<h2>Reported paranormal activity</h2><br>
<p>Claims of paranormal phenomena at the caves have been made over the years. These include reports of the sound of metal clanging in the distance and reported sightings of an old miner and the sound of footsteps and pick axes working.</p><br>
<p>Schofield Pass, elevation 10,707 ft, is a mountain pass in the Elk Mountains of Colorado. The pass is the high point on Gothic Road, which connects the towns of Marble and Crested Butte. The road to the summit is suitable for a passenger car if traveling from the east; however, after this it is rated 4-wheel drive only as it switchbacks down the west side through the Devil&#39;s Punchbowl Canyon and becomes a narrow, rocky shelf road.</p><br>
<p>The pass is closed for most of the year due to snow or mud, and is open only for one or two months in late summer. Parking is available in the town of Crystal, and 4WD high-clearance trucks can continue two miles to the hiking trailhead at 9,700 feet. The road is accessible only by high-clearance 4-wheel-drive trucks from this side. Two miles from the trailhead lies Geneva Lake.</p><br>
<p>The pass has claimed 12 lives to date.</p><br>
<p>Schofield Pass was named for B. F. Schofield, a silver miner.</p><br>
<p>Mount Townsend, a mountain in the Main Range of the Great Dividing Range, is located in the Snowy Mountains region of New South Wales, Australia.</p><br>
<p>With an elevation of 2,209 m above sea level, Mount Townsend is the second-highest peak of mainland Australia. Located in Kosciuszko National Park, the mountain is 3.68 km north of Australia&#39;s highest mainland peak, Mount Kosciuszko.</p><br>
<p>Although lower than Mount Kosciuszko, Mount Townsend has a more craggy peak and is arguably more dominant than the relatively round-topped Mount Kosciuszko. Due to ease of climbing Mount Kosciuszko, and the much lower accessibility of Mount Townsend, a tradition has emerged of each person who climbs Mount Townsend carrying a rock from the bottom in their pack, and leaving it at the top, with the goal of making Mount Townsend the taller of the two relatively-similar-in-height peaks.</p><br>
<p>The names of Mount Townsend and Mount Kosciuszko were originally each attached to the other mountain. Measurements of the peaks originally called by those names showed Kosciuszko to be slightly lower than its neighbour, and the names were transposed by the New South Wales Lands Department in 1892, so that Mount Kosciuszko was renamed Townsend and vice versa.</p><br>
<p>Rafina  is a town located on the eastern coast of Attica in Greece. It has a population of 13,091 inhabitants . The municipal unit has an area of 18.979 km.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Rafina lies on the Aegean Sea coast, east of the Penteli mountains and northeast of the Mesogaia plain. It is 5 km north of Artemida, 7 km south of Nea Makri and 25 km east of Athens city centre. The municipal unit of Rafina contains, besides the city itself, a large portion of the surrounding area, which is mostly woodland and farmland. The only other town is Kallitechnoupoli with a population of 923.</p><br>
<p>The town can be accessed through Greek National Road 54 (Athens – Pallini – Rafina), Greek National Road 83 (Athens – Marathon – Rafina) and Greek National Road 85 (Lavrio – Rafina).</p><br>
<p>Rafina is a port town serving ferries to the southern part of Euboea as well as most of the Cyclades. Its port is the second largest of Attica, after that of Piraeus, but it will probably be superseded by the one in Lavrio, which is currently being expanded.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Prehistory</h3><br>
<p>During the Prehistoric Times, Rafina had already inhabited. The oldest finds are about the Neolithic Period, also, extremely was the remains of the Bronze Age (3,000 years B.C.), which was founded by the excavations of Dimitrios Theocharis in 50s: a settlement on the hill above the port, with facilities of bronzes processing near the delta of the Great Stream, and a Protohelladic Akropolis in the cape of Askitario which you can visit today.</p><br>
<h3>Antiquity</h3><br>
<p>During the ancient times, Rafina, was one of the 100 demes of Athens which was defined by Kleisthenes. The municipality called Arafin, by the name of its first ruler, Arafinas, who was one of the 100 heroes of Attica. In municipality of Arafin, lived one of the ten breeds of Attica. Also, the area near the sea till Artemida, called "Arafinides Ales and here arrived Orestis and Ifigenia from Tavrida.</p><br>
<p>From these times, we didn&#39;t find any evidence, but excavations discovered Roman Baths and perhaps a Byzantine Church.</p><br>
<h3>Foundation by Triglian refugees</h3><br>
<p>After the defeat of the Greek army in the Minor Asia (1922), many refugees arrived in Greece. Some of them arrived by ships owned by Filippos Kabounides, a Triglian shipowner, who arrived at the time of the destruction to save people and heirlooms.</p><br>
<p>A year later (August 29, 1923), Kabounides ships brought to Rafina refugees who have lived in Tenedos for one year. After a few months, the first houses of the new refugee settlement were built and were located at the Skouzes estate that was given to the refugees. Also, around the area of the square, small shops were built and given to shop owners.</p><br>
<p>Six years later (1929), Rafina became a community.</p><br>
<p>During the 1950s, Pantovasilissa&#39;s church was built in remembrance of the Byzantine church in Triglia which held the same name. At its forecourt was erected a statue of the metropolite of Smyrni, Chrysostomos, who had been killed by the Turks in Triglia during the destruction. Many years later, people in Rafina built a little church to his memory.</p><br>
<p>When Triglians arrived from Asia Minor, they brought many things from their old country, the most important being Panagia Episkepsis, a hagiography created during the 14th century A.D., which one can now see in the Byzantine Museum in Athens. A copy can be found in the city hall of Rafina.</p><br>
<p>Many heirlooms can be found in the Refugee Museum "Triglia&#39;s House", where visitors can see many originals or their copies.</p><br>
<h3>World War II</h3><br>
<p>During the Second World War, and during the German Occupation, German and Italian armies were installed in Rafina. Important projects for the guarding and the vallation of the area were built at the port, along the seaside and on the hill that was since named "Fort".</p><br>
<h3>Rafina Today</h3><br>
<p>In 1994, Rafina became a municipality and its first mayor was Andreas Kechagioglou, who kept his office until November 2011 when Rafina integrated with Pikermi as part of the Kallikratis plan. Following the planned municipal elections, Giorgios Christopoulos was elected Mayor for the new municipality of Rafina and Pikermi. During the past few years, the town has advanced significantly. Its population reaches about 12,000 people, and climbs to 30,000–50,000 during the summer. During the summer, many events take part in the town such as the "August&#39;s Moon", which takes place in August when the last full moon of August occurs. During this day, many musicians gather outside the church of St. Nikolaos and sing songs about the moon.</p><br>
<p>Rafina suffered damage from a forest fire in July 2005.</p><br>
<h3>Historical population</h3><br>
<h2>Culture</h2><br>
<h3>Sports</h3><br>
<p>Rafina is the seat of two football clubs with presence in third national division (Gamma Ethniki), Triglia Rafina, club founded in 1932 and Thyella Rafina, club founded in 1957.</p><br>
<h2>Notable residents</h2><br>
<p>Robert Pires (French footballer)</p><br>
<p>Kostas Karamanlis, former Greek prime minister</p><br>
<h2>International relations</h2><br>
<p>Rafina is twinned with:</p><br>
<p>Lefkara, Cyprus</p><br>
<p>Tirilye, Turkey</p><br>
<p>Fort Warren is a historic fort on the 28 acre Georges Island at the entrance to Boston Harbor. The fort is pentagonal star fort, made with stone and granite, and was constructed from 1833–1861, completed shortly after the beginning of the American Civil War. Fort Warren defended the harbor in Boston, Massachusetts, from 1861 through the end of World War II, and during the Civil War served as a prison for Confederate officers and government officials. The fort remained active through the Spanish–American War and World War I, and was re-activated during World War II. It was permanently decommissioned in 1947, and is now a tourist site. It was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1970 as a masterpiece of coastal engineering of the pre-Civil War period, and for its role in the Civil War. It was named for Revolutionary war hero Dr. Joseph Warren, who sent Paul Revere on his famous ride, and was later killed at the Battle of Bunker Hill. The name was transferred from the first Fort Warren in 1833, which was renamed Fort Winthrop.</p><br>
<h2>Early history</h2><br>
<p>Fort Warren was built from 1833 to 1861 and was completed shortly after the beginning of the American Civil War as part of the third system of US fortifications. The Army engineer in charge during the bulk of the forts construction was Colonel Sylvanus Thayer, best known for his tenure as Superintendent of the United States Military Academy at West Point, New York. It was the fifth largest of the 42 third system forts. The overall plan was pentagonal in shape, slightly irregular to make the best use of the islands terrain. The fort features excellent granite work. A demilune (half-moon) battery protecting the north sally port is a rare feature in US forts. The fort was originally designed for over 200 guns, including some mortars and flank howitzers. During the Civil War it was armed with 15-inch and 10-inch Rodman smoothbore guns.</p><br>
<p>During the Civil War, the island fort served as a prison for captured Confederate army and navy personnel, elected civil officials from the state of Maryland, and Northern political prisoners.</p><br>
<p>James M. Mason and John Slidell, the Confederate diplomats seized in the Trent affair, were among those held at the fort. Confederate military officers held at Fort Warren included Richard S. Ewell, Isaac R. Trimble, John Gregg, Adam "Stovepipe" Johnson, Simon Bolivar Buckner, Sr., and Lloyd Tilghman. High-ranking civilians held at Fort Warren include Confederate Vice President Alexander H. Stephens and Confederate Postmaster General John Henninger Reagan. The prison camp had a reputation for humane treatment of its detainees. When the camp commander&#39;s son, Lieutenant Justin E. Dimick, left Fort Warren for active duty in the field with the Second USA Artillery, he was given a letter from Confederate officers in the camp urging good care should he be captured. (He was later mortally wounded at Chancellorsville in May, 1863.)</p><br>
<p>The famous Union marching song John Brown&#39;s Body was written at the fort using a tune from an old Methodist camp song, and was performed at a flag-raising there on 12 May 1861. The song was carried to the Army of the Potomac by the men of the "Webster Regiment" (12th Massachusetts Infantry), who had mustered in at Fort Warren. Julia Ward Howe heard this song while visiting Washington, DC. At the suggestion of her minister, Howe was encouraged to write new words. The Battle Hymn of the Republic, which was initially published as a poem, was later matched with the melody of the "John Brown" song and became one of the best remembered songs of the Civil War era. (See also:List of Civil War POW Prisons and Camps)</p><br>
<h2>Post–Civil War through Endicott Period</h2><br>
<p>In the 1870s Fort Warren was upgraded with new barbette batteries on the parapets along with a six-gun external battery; these were armed with Rodman guns. A plaque at the fort states that the southeast bastion was roofed over at this time to create a rare (possibly unique) casemated 15-inch Rodman gun battery. The massive brick arches built to enclose this bastion are impressive.</p><br>
<p>From 1892 to 1903 Fort Warren was rebuilt to accommodate modern breech-loading rifled guns under the Endicott program. Five batteries were added to the fort, replacing some of the older gun positions, as follows:</p><br>
<p>The two 12-inch (305 mm) and five 10-inch (254 mm) guns were the fort&#39;s main armament against enemy battleships. For defense against smaller vessels, particularly to defend nearby mine fields against minesweepers, two 4-inch (102 mm) and three 3-inch (76 mm) guns were included. The 4-inch guns were a Navy design by Driggs-Schroeder, and in the whole US Army coast defense system only Fort Warren and Fort Washington in Maryland had this type of gun. Battery Adams was built of low-quality concrete and was disarmed and abandoned due to deterioration in 1914.</p><br>
<h2>World War I through World War II</h2><br>
<p>Fort Warren was the headquarters of the Coast Defenses of Boston in World War I. In 1917–1918 the four 10-inch guns of Battery Bartlett were removed for potential service as railway artillery on the Western Front. Contrary to some references, no 10-inch railway guns were mounted in time to be shipped to France for World War I. Different 10-inch M1888 guns, including two from Battery Reilly at Fort Adams in Rhode Island and two from storage, replaced these weapons in 1919.</p><br>
<p>In 1920, with World War I over, several weapon types were withdrawn from Coast Artillery service. These included the 4-inch Driggs-Schroeder guns of Battery Plunkett and the 3-inch Driggs-Seabury guns of Battery Lowell. The 4-inch guns at Fort Warren remained as display pieces at least through 1941. None of these were replaced.</p><br>
<p>During World War II, the fort served as a control center for Boston Harbors south mine field, a precaution taken in anticipation of potential attacks by Kriegsmarine U-boats. At that time, Fort Warren was garrisoned by the 241st Coast Artillery Regiment (Harbor Defense), a Massachusetts National Guard unit that was federalized in September, 1940. As new 16-inch batteries were built, particularly Battery Murphy at the East Point Military Reservation, Fort Warrens remaining guns were scrapped in 1942–1944. Fort Warren was permanently decommissioned after 1950. At some point an emplacement of Battery Bartlett was demolished for an access road.</p><br>
<h2>Decommissioning and opening to the public</h2><br>
<p>Fort Warren was owned by the USA federal government until 1958, when the state obtained it from the General Services Administration. In 1961, the fort was reopened to the public after initial restoration.</p><br>
<p>Today, the Massachusetts Department of Conservation and Recreation maintains and administers the fort, which is the centerpiece of the Boston Harbor Islands National Recreation Area. The fort is reachable by ferry from downtown Boston, Hingham, or Hull to Georges Island. Transfers are then available for those who wish to visit some of the other Harbor Islands.</p><br>
<p>The fort is typically open from early or mid May through Columbus Day weekend. DCR Rangers offer guided tours, or you may explore on your own. An information booth just outside the sally port (the main entrance to the fort) posts information about available activities. The island offers a well-stocked snack bar, water fountains, and a large number of composting toilets. There is also a museum located in the old mine storehouse (the red brick building opposite the ferry dock), a number of picnic tables, and a children&#39;s play structure. The tops of several of the walls and several of the casemates and magazines beneath them are open to visitors. The dock side of the fort features two 3-inch rifled guns converted to breechloaders and a memorial to 13 Confederate prisoners who died at the fort. 10-inch Rodman guns, projectiles from the Endicott era, and two World War II 40 mm Bofors guns are also at the fort. The museum includes a demonstration model of a disappearing gun and a Nike-Ajax missile.</p><br>
<h3>Confederate memorial</h3><br>
<p>The Commonwealth&#39;s only Confederate memorial, a headstone which commemorate 13 southern soldiers who died while imprisoned during the Civil War at the fort, will be removed and placed into storage at the Massachusetts Archives. The headstone marker was installed in 1963 by the Boston Chapter of the United Daughters of the Confederacy. Governor Charlie Baker called for the removal of the memorial in June 2017.</p><br>
<p>The River Taf  is a river in West Wales. It rises in the Preseli Hills of north Pembrokeshire and flows approximately 50 km  through Carmarthenshire to Carmarthen Bay. It is one of three rivers, along with the River Gwendraeth and River Towy, to enter the sea on the east side of Carmarthen Bay.</p><br>
<p>Water drains from high ground above the village of Crymych in Pembrokeshire, and at one time flowed at ground level across the main Cardigan–Tenby road (A478) before falling to the level of the defunct Whitland and Cardigan Railway station Crymmych Arms (Great Western Railway) where, on the UK Ordnance Survey map of 1866 it is shown as the source of the Taf.</p><br>
<p>At this point the stream fulfils its description "Crymych" (in Welsh "crooked stream") by turning through almost a right angle along the floor of the valley. The stream is mentioned—with various spellings—in records since 1468 and provided both the village and its hostelry with an identity. From there the Taf, augmented by numerous minor tributaries, flows ESE to Llanfyrnach then SW through Glandŵr, Llanglydwen and Login to Whitland. It then flows east to St Clears, south of which its broad estuary meets Carmarthen Bay near Laugharne. Its length is about 56 km (35 mi) from Crymych to Ginst Point, of which about 14 km (9 mi) is tidal.</p><br>
<p>Hunts Mesa is a rock formation located in Monument Valley, south of the border between Utah and Arizona in the United States and west of the border between Arizona&#39;s Navajo County and Apache County. It is one of two popular interior destinations in the Monument Valley Navajo Tribal Park for tourists to experience panoramic views of the popular sandstone formations from a distance. The other is Mystery Valley. A Navajo guide is required to hike to either.</p><br>
<p>Hunts Mesa forms the southeastern edge of Monument Valley and the northern edge of Little Capitan Valley. Its elevation is 6,370 ft. Access to Hunts Mesa is not through the general entrance of the park but rather through the sand dunes northeast of the town of Kayenta, Arizona.</p><br>
<p>On October 16, 1984, a United States Air Force B-52G bomber crashed on Hunts Mesa, killing two of the seven crewmen.</p><br>
